| EPE 1991 - 09 - Session 1.9: SPECIAL APPLICATIONS |
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 | NOVEL GENERATION OF DRIVES FOR NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED MACHINES
By J. Best; J. M. Pacas; K. Peters | [View]
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Abstract: The paper presents the features of hardware and software of a new series of servo and main drives. The series consists of digitally vector-conlrolled IGBT-inverters, matched to permanent-magnet synchronous motors or asynchronous motors. The system is especially designed to cope with the high performance and reliability requirements of modern machine tool drives. The fiberoptical SERCOS interface links up all drives and the superimposed numerical control to an overall machine control-system with distributed intelligence. On the drive control level of each inverter all state variables influencing the proccss are measured or calculated: torque, speed and position (with a high resolution encoder). Depending on the application all control loops, including the position control, can be closed in the drive itself or via the bus in the master controller.
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| | PERFORMANCE, LOSSES AND CONTROL OF PWM INVERTER-FED SINGLE-SIDED LINEAR INDUCTION MOTORS
By J. F. Gieras | [View]
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Abstract: While the effect of time harmonics on rotary induction drives have been reported in numerous publications in recent years, the effects of harmonics in excitation of LIMs has received comparatively little attention. The main aim of the presented paper is at the performance calculation, analysis of losses and basic concept of vector control for inverter-fed LIMs. The considerations are based on an improved equivalent circuit with the longitudinal end effect taken into account. A method of calculating the stray high-frequency losses has been worked out. The exciting current of a LIM is constant if v'''sf is controlled in proportion to the secondary current. Experimantal tests have been made to justify the results.
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| | PROCEDURES TO IMPROVE THE POWER FACTOR ON INDUCTION HEATING GENERATORS
By E. J. Dede; V. Esteve; J. V. González; J. Jordan; J. Linares; D. Ramirez; E. Maset | [View]
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Abstract: After analyzing theoretically the performance of an inverter with parallel resonant circuit, emerges the conclusion that a wrong power factor on the inverter implies a wrong cos alpha power factor on the input of the controlled rectifier which regulates the generator power. The article describes how to optimize the inverter power factor and its implications in relation to the inverter operating as well as the optimization of the cos alpha generator power factor by regulating the generator power with chopper instead of full controlled rectifier.
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| | TWO D.O.F. WAFER HANDLING ROBOT BY ELECTRO-MAGNETIC SUSPENSION SYSTEM
By Toshio Matsumoto; Sumitoshi Sonoda; Takeo Suzuki; Terno Tsuji | [View]
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Abstract: From the viewpoint of freedom from contamination, wafer handling systems with contactless mechanisms are required in the production of VLSl. Authors have developed a clean and vacuum-compatible wafer handling robot using an electro-magnetic suspension system. This two d.o.f. (gedree of freedom) wafer handling robot can be applied to a wafer-hoist, a turn-table and a swing-arm in an ultra-high vaccum. This robot performs two d.o.f. motion (0-axis rotation and Z-axis linear motion). For the two d.o.f. motion, a synchronous AC servo motor whose winding is installed in the air gap and a voice coil type actuator are used. These actuators are compactly integrated to fit a vacuum environment. The robot controller is fully digitalized by multi-DSP system. And the following advanced control methods are implemented: 1) Electro-magnetic suspension control by decoupling control scheme, 2) Precise positioning control by predictive observer and auto-tuning of the control parameters, 3) Linearization of gap sensor signal by curve fitting technique. The decoupling control enables to hold the position of the rotational axis precisely, regardless of the arm position. the predictive observer using the coarse signal (72 pulse/rev.) of position sensor significantly improves the precision of the rotational positioning. Auto-tuning controller save the time to adjust the parameters manually. These control schemes are introduced and experimental results are shown in this paper.
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| | DISC CRAWLING MOTOR: A LOW-SPEED, HIGH-TORQUE DRIVE
By A. R. Chowdhury; M. K. Rao; A. M. Trzynadlowski | [View]
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Abstract: A novel. so-called disc crawling motor, utilizing forces of magnetic attraction, magnetic adhesion, and mechanical resiliency, is described. The motor is characterized by high torque, low-speed, stepping rotational motion. Microprocessor control of the motor allows to use it as a high-accuracy positioning actuator. Principle of operation, description of a prototype and experimental results are presented .
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| | AN OPTIMUM DESIGN FOR PLL SERVOS
By Kenji Inoue | [View]
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Abstract: In this paper, the optimum design method for various PLL servo systems which have been widely used for OA and FA fields is described. This design method is based on the "Partial Model Matching Method" proposed by Prof. Kitamori of the University of Tokyo. First, many kinds of PLL servo systems are classified into four groups. Next, the desired response to commands and disturbances is expressed with the reference models. Since these reference models adapt the expression based on step response, they are easy to understand for the designers. Finally, by comparing the transfer functions of PLL servo systems with these reference models, the serve parameters are determined. The simulated and experimental results for respective groups are shown, and it is confirmed that both results agree well. This design method is applied widely to the polygon mirror scanner serve used for copiers, scanner serves, main serves, drum drive servos and the AC servos for various automatic machines such as robots and others.
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| | Surface Actuator Drive Control
By Daiki Ebihara; Masaya Watada | [View]
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Abstract: Recently, advances in office and factory automation equipment have led to the development and commercialization of direct drive systems using linear motors. However, the authors have yet to witness the practical development of a direct-drive Surface Actuator ("SFA") that can operate in these two directions under direct drive and using only one motor. In view of this situation, the authors proposed an SFA that enables bidirectional motion and reported upon its basic structure and specifications. In this paper, the authors will show the mathematica! development that supports its bidirectional control system, and report on the results of prototype drive tests.
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| | LINEAR PULSE MOTOR WITH BUILT-IN MAGNETIC LEVITATION MECHANISM
By Daiki Ebihara; Masahiro Noguchi | [View]
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Abstract: In recent years, improvements have been sought in response to the problems that noise, vibration and friction pose for carrier systems in production facilities. Non-contact support mechanisms have gained attention as one approach toward solving these problems. In view of these draw backs, the authors have proposed the use of permanent magnets (PMs) as a third approach to non-contact support mechanisms. Linear motors are used for most non-contact carrier vehicle systems. Recently, the authors have designed a system that combines a PM-type levitation mechanism with this LPM device for non-contact carrier systems. The feasibility of the PM-type repulsive levitation system and the hybrid LPM carrier system is to be judged based of prototype testing using calculation results from this report.
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| | POSITION CONTROL OF AN ACTUATOR WITH TWO DEGREES OF FREEDOM
By D. Lefevre; L. Loron | [View]
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Abstract: An actuator with two degrees of freedom can perform simultaneous linear and angular motion on a tubular solid rotor. An experimental system was designed to characterize this actuator static and dynamic behaviour. Actuator torque and force characteristics have been optimized by encoating the rotor with a thin copper film. Despite possible complications due to the presence of a solid rotor, a working model was determined. From this model a control structure was designed, whose accurate and efficient performance has been demonstrated experimentally.
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| | CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH FREQUENCY POWER TRANSMISSION IN PLURAL INDUCTION HEATING LOAD CIRCUITS
By Hisao Kojima; Toshihisa Shimizu; Mitsuo Shioya; Gunji Kimura | [View]
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Abstract: In the high-frequency induction heating system with the operating frequency ranged over MHz, in order to feed the different frequency power into the included plural load circuits the system has been needed to establish the particular frequency power supply for each load circuit. To solve this problem, authors have devised a new power transmission method to feed the different frequency power into plural resonant load circuits selectively by only one set of power supply. This paper presents the characteristics of the system composed of a voltage-fed type inverter, a parallel resonant lead circuit and a series resonant lead circuit, which are connected in series by the distributed constant lines.
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| | ELECTRICAL DRIVE OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC DAMPER OF VIBRATIONS
By F. Bernot; A. Berthon; J. M. Kaufmann | [View]
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Abstract: The aim of this paper is the drive design of an electromagnetic damper of vibrations. This special machine located onto a mechanically unbalanced shaft, provides an opposite compensating synchronous rotating force (allowing normal behaviour). It consists on a laminated stator wound with 24 phases and a massive smooth rotor, that can be the shaft. The purpose of the drive is to feed these coils in synchronism with the axis position, and to allow external dialog with control and vibrations detection transducers.
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| | VMOS RELEASE OF MASTER / SLAVE CONSOLIDATION NETWORK FOR MHD CONVERTER: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
By M. Carpita; L. Fiore Donati; L. Guzzardi; P. Pozzobon | [View]
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Abstract: For MagnetoHydroDinamic (MHD) plants electric power estraction from MHD channel is of primary significance, in order to supply it to a load or, generally, to the AC network. In this work the authors describe design, experimental realization and tests of an electrode consolidation circuit able to estract electric power from a Faraday connected MHD channel test facility. Consolidation involves tour electrode pairs on cathode and anode wall of the channel, in order to investigate on circuit operation and its interactlon with the channel itself. Moreover, design criteria are verified for future realization of similar plants with considerably higher power.
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| | A HIGH-FREQUENCY HALF-BRIDGE INVERTER FOR INDUCTION HEATING APPLICATIONS USING INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS (IGBT's)
By M. Kamli; S. Yamamoto; M. Abe | [View]
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Abstract: This paper describes a half-bridge resonant-type IGBT inverter suitable tor heating ferromagnetic loads at high-frequency. A series/parallel scheme is adopted and an optimum mode of operation is proposed in this mode, the inverter is operated at unity power factor by PLL control irrespective of load variations, with maximum current gain and voltage spike ,occurring in the devices at turn-off, at an acceptable level. The actual performance was tested on a 50-150 kHz prototype rated at 6 kW. The low-cost developed inverter is characterized by its simplicity of design and operation, yet is versatile in performance. Actual experimental results are presented.
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| | SPECIAL CONVERTER CIRCUITS FEEDING THE FIELD WINDING OF SUPERCONDUCTING SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
By R. Schweiger; H. W. Lorenzen | [View]
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Abstract: In the course of the experimental investigations on a 330 kVA externalpole synchronous generator with a superconducting excitation winding various converter circuits for feeding the superconducting field circuit have been designed and tested at the lnstitute of Electrical Machines since 1987. Besides the well-known and wide-spread six- and twelve-pulse three-phase bridges (B6 and B6||B6 with two 30 degree phase shifted lines) a six-pulse three-phase bridge with controlled bypass-thyristors and a high current Power-MOSFET step-down converter have been investigated. These two circuits are good suitable for feeding superconducting loads and thereby also interesting for other means of application besides superconducting generators. This paper describes the principle and the technical realization of this circuits including their controllers as well as the special problems appearing by use of these circuits.
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| | NOVEL LINEAR INDUCTION DRIVES: Control Scheme and Converters
By Takafumi Koseki; Toshimitsu Morizane; Hiroyuki Ohsaki; Eisuke Masada | [View]
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Abstract: An innovative structure and control concept of linear induction motors, which can produce arbitrary flux distribution in the gap, are proposed instead of a conventional concept of linear motors as an extension of rotary electric machines. High speed power switching devices are available with reasonable costs these days. It is, consequently, possible to use many switching semiconductor devices as a part of an electric machine at present. In the FSLIM (Flux Synthesizing Linear Induction Motor) each slot has a conductor which carries arbitrary electrical current controlled by a PWM current-control-unit. In this paper, authors have proposed a concrete method for decision of switching patterns to apply field-coordinates oriented control scheme to a tubular FSLIM, with an electromagnetic numerical analysis on a coaxial symmetric coordinates and a theory of linear systems.
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| | STUDY OF SUPERCONDUCTING LINEAR DRIVES FROM ELECTROMAGNETIC AND ELECTROMECHANICAL POINTS OF VIEW
By H. Ohsaki; S. Torii; H. Deguchi; M. Tamura; E. Masada | [View]
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Abstract: We have studied electromagnetic and electromechanical problems of superconducting linear drives by numerical simulations and experiments. We have taken two applications: A superconducting magnetically levitated vehicle and a small superconducting linear actuator. From the numerical analysis on the superconducting magnet of the EDS-LSM Maglev vehicles, we have found that the dynamic coupling of electromagnetic and mechanical vibrations causes the enhancement of the eddy current loss in the cryostat around the mechanical resonance frequency, and the rigidity or elasticity of the support structure seriously affects the electromagnetic phenomenon in the magnet. As for the high-Tc superconducting linear actuator, we have succeeded in making a reciprocating motion of a mover by controlling the frequency of primary winding current, and obtained the basic running characteristics.
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| | T-SHAPED LIM DRIVEN BY A THREE-PHASE PWM AC CHOPPER
By B. Brunelli; D. Casadei; G. Serra; A. Tani | [View]
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Abstract: An analysis of the steady-state performance of a T-shaped linear induction motor driven by three-phase PWM AC chopper is presented. This type of LIM can find application particularly in drives for material dislocation along paths showing sudden direction changes in the horizontal plane and in the vertical plane. The particular force versus speed curve of this T-shaped LlM allows the speed control to be obtained by varying the primary voltage only. For this purpose a chopper type AC voltage regulator is employed being simple, economical and highly reliable. A numerical simulation of the PWM AC chopper operation has been developed. Finally, in order to limit the negative current sequence in the T-shaped LIM, the technical feasibility of unsymmetric voltage control is investigated.
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| | FLUORESCENT LAMPS SUPPLIED WITH DC CURRENT AND CONTROLLED IN CURRENT MODE
By Marta Hernando; Cecilio Blanco; Marcos Alonso; Manuel Rico | [View]
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Abstract: An electronic ballast to supply fluorescent lamps with DC current is proposed in this article. With this system, the troubles or flickering and high frequency emmision are solved. Also, the luminous efficiency is improved. The fluorescent lamp is switched-on by high voltage applied between its electrodes, instead of heating the filaments. When we supply the tube with DC current, its behaviour is like a zener diode. The voltage between the electrodes is constant, so we will control the current across the fluorescent lamp with a system of current-mode control where the parameters to control are iLMAX and Ioff. With that kind of control, we have additional pulse-by-pulse current limiting, so the power converter is protected against damage from overloads.
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| | A LINEARISED OPTIMAL MODULATION STRATEGY FOR A GTO CONVERTER TO ALLOW REAL-TIME CONTROL OF ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER FLOWS INTO A SMES SYSTEM
By Q. Jiang; D. B. Giesner; D. G. Holmes | [View]
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Abstract: This paper presents an improved PWM strategy for the control of a GTO bridge associated with a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System. The method presented is to linearise an optimal modulation strategy so that the turn-on-periods of the GTO switches can be computed on-line in real-time for any specified modulation depth and phase angle. This allows rapid adjustment of both the real and reactive powers that flow between the bridge and the power system, while producing minimal ac line current low order harmonics. An additional computational stage has also been included into the system to allow the real and reactive power flows to be independently specified as an input to the bridge controller. The paper presents both theoretical and experimental results.
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| | A New Drive For The Micrometer- And Submicrometer-Range
By P.-K. Budig; H. Timmel; J. hofmann; K. Peschke; U. Schuffenhauer; R. Zeumann | [View]
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Abstract: A new drive which is of simple electromechanicel design being able to make motions in the micrometer- and even in the submicrometer-range was developed.
Its function principles and test results are shown.
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| | HIGH FREQUENCY HIGH POWER INVERTER FOR ECONOMICAL LOCAL POWER DISTRIBUTION OF FLOURESCENT LAMPS WITH INTELLIGENT CIRCUIT BREAKER FUNCTION
By M. I. Mahmoud | [View]
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Abstract: A suggested economical high power high frequency local inverters for the large scale lighting distribution systems of fluorescent lamps. The most economical power distribution system has been suggested and studied. The design and implementation of a prototype model for a high frequency medium power square wave voltage inverter have been investigated and realized. The construction of a simple fluorescent lamp ignitor (voltage source to current source) VS/CS adaptor has been investigated to determine it suitable parameters. Theoretical study has been made to obtain the suitable solution to reduce the VS/CS adaptor power loss due to the skin effect of high frequency operation of its coil. Control of lighting level is supplementary implemented by means of microprocessor controller. A microprocessor program based on the GRAFCET is implemented to transfer the inverter into an intelligent circuit braker.
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| | A 10.000 A 1000 VDC SOLID STATE DUMP SWITCH
By Age Teake Visser | [View]
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Abstract: The superconducting magnet test program at Fermilab requires a switch, called a dump switch, rated 10.000 A, 1000 Vdc, which must be able to continuously carry rated current. A dump resistor rated 2 MJoules, is connected in parallel with the switch contacts and dissipates the stored energy from a magnet when the switch opens. The required switch opening time is 250 μsec maximum after detection of a fault or a trip command. A successful switch can be constructed from six parallel inverter type Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR's) which each carry their share of the load current. These run SCR's are mounted at watercooled heatsinks and are commutated off from stored energy in capacitors. Each parallel SCR is connected in series with a 1 m-omega watercooled resistor to assure dc current sharing and turn on. A description of the control and construction of the switch is presented.
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| | THE HIGH POWER, WIDE BANDWIDTH DISRUPTION FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS FOR JET: FACTORY TEST RESULTS
By S. M. Tenconi; P. L. Mondino; M. Carpita; N. Dolgetta; C. Gallandt; V. Marchese; L. Pittera; E. Rizzo; A. Santagiustina; L. Zannelli | [View]
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Abstract: Four power amplifiers (3.0 kA peak current, 1.5 kV peak voltage) of large bandwidth (10kHz) have been designed and built using novel technology. IGBT are used as fast switches and are controlled with a multi-level delta modulation both in current and in voltage loop. A Multilevel Delta Modulation PWM Technique is used to perform the amplifier control.
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| | EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A SIX PULSE VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER SVC
By D. R. Trainer; S. B. Tennakoon; R. E. Morrison | [View]
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Abstract: A static VAr compensator (SVC) based on a voltage source inverter is described. The design is evaluated with particular emphasis on the harmonic performance and the ratings of the switching elements and DC capacitor. A method of optimising the switching element rating is described and the SVC performance is compared with that of an equivalently rated TSC-TCR SVC.
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| | ANTI-SLIP CONTROL OF VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER FED EMU
By Hiroshi Hata; Takashi Maeda; Kosuke Aburaya; Koji Kishimoto | [View]
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Abstract: lnverter control electric vehicle becomes a major means of propulsion. It is very important to improve its performance by devising a better anti-slip and skid system. This time we tested three methods of anti-slip and skid control. As a result, we can conclude that "motor slip frequency keep method" is better than "voltage control method" and "motor slip frequency reduce method" provided that correct vehicle velocity against the ground can always be obtained. And to get a correct velocity, we think it a good method to use the axle of the vehicle near the end of the train composition.
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| | STUDY OF CONTROL STRATEGIES OF AN SVC, APPLIED TO AN INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM
By C. C. Martins; S. R. Silva | [View]
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Abstract: This paper analyses different control strategies for a Static VAr Compensator (SVC), of the Thyristor Controlled Reactor / Fixed Capacitor (TCR/FC) type, presented in the literature, which is employed in an industrial siderurgical system. The performance of these systems is discussed based on efficaccy and time response. Results are obtained by digital simulation of these schemes and a comparative evaluation is then made in order to choose the more suitable control strategy for this application.
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