EPE Association: EPE 2023 - DS3a: Converter Modelling and Low-level Control, including Gate-Drives

EPE 2023 - DS3a: Converter Modelling and Low-level Control, including Gate-Drives
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2023 ECCE Europe - Conference > EPE 2023 - Topic 03: Measurement and Control > EPE 2023 - DS3a: Converter Modelling and Low-level Control, including Gate-Drives

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   A Floquet Theory-Based Time-domain Stability Analysis Method for Unbalanced Three-Phase Off-Grid Inverter
By Hong LI, Jinchang PAN, Mingbo WEI, Zexi ZHOU, Zhong LI [View]
[Download]

Abstract: A double PI controller approach is used in this paper for three-phase inverters operating under both balanced and unbalanced loads. Additionally, a temporal-domain model is formulated to analyze three-phase inverters under both balanced and unbalanced loads. Finally, the model's stability is analyzed with the Floquet theory. Simulation has been carried out to verify the efficacy of the proposed approach and the precision of the model.

   An Active Gate Driver for Iteratively Optimizing the Switching Characteristics of SiC MOSFETs
By Johannes KUHN, Tobias ZEKORN, Kenny VOHL, Ralf WUNDERLICH, Stefan HEINEN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper presents an active gate driver for silicon carbide power MOSFETs. The driver stage is based on digitally controlled current sources with a time resolution of 2 ns. A high-speed ADC is used to sample the voltage between the kelvin source and source terminal of the power MOSFET during the switching event. Thus, current ringing of the switching transition is used as an optimization criterion for iterative optimization of the switching characteristics. The proposed active gate driver is able to reduce both current and voltage ringing significantly. It achieves a voltage overshoot reduction of up to 86\% without a prolongation of the switching event and allows tracking of changing operating points.

   An Efficient Method for Steady-State Analysis of Switching Power Converters with Non-Linear Inductors
By Martin PLESNIK, Tohid RAHIMI, Mohsen ASGARIMOGHADDAM, Michel NAKHLA, Xiaoyu WANG, Ram ACHAR [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In this paper, application of boundary-value problem is advanced by introducing a new set of constraints by specifying inductor non-linearity at switching converter operating point. A method for obtaining a good initial guess is proposed enabling computation of the converter steady-state in a single Newton's iteration loop. Proposed method is fast, robust and accurate making it suitable for use in practical designs.

   Closed-loop impedance modeling and analysis of three-phase active rectifier below 150 kHz frequency range
By Zhongting TANG, Flemming JOHANSEN, Pooya DAVARI [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper derives the closed-loop impedance model for the typical three-phase active rectifier andinvestigates the dominant factors influencing the converter impedance below 150 kHz frequency range from the basic performance (e.g., steady-state and dynamic performance) and EMI perspectives. Therefore, the complete modeling process of the closed-loop impedance is described,including the control analysis and impedance modeling. The discussion of improving basic performances and EMI performance for the power converter is proposed. Moreover, an advanced impedance measurement technique is introduced. Finally, the validation of the derived closed loop impedance model and the dominant influence analysis for the three-phase rectifier are carried out in MATLAB and PLECS.

   Dead Time Volt-Second Compensation of Converters Enabled by 10 kV SiC MOSFETs
By Morten RAHR NIELSEN, Mathias KIRKEBY, Hongbo ZHAO, Jannick KJÆR JØRGENSEN, Michael MØLLER BECH, Stig MUNK-NIELSEN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper highlights the increased importance of volt-second compensating converter nonlinearitiessuch as dead time for wide bandgap semiconductor devices utilized in medium voltage converters.The increasing voltage level of medium voltage converters impose a penalty to the volt-second compensation required to compensate for the voltage error caused by dead time. A thorough analysis and experimental results of switching events are utilized to present the required volt-second compensation for a 10 kV silicon-carbide MOSFET power module.

   Efficiency Assessment of an Open-End Winding Inverter Exploiting a Mixed Si/GaN Technology
By Salvatore FOTI, Haseeb KHAN, Antonio TESTA, Gioele BAIA, Salvatore DE CARO [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper investigates about the efficiency of anasymmetrical Open-End Winding inverterstructure, the AHMLI, when a mixed Si/GaNtechnology approach is adopted. The inverterproposed is formed by a main IGBT three level TTypeinverter, which processes the whole powerfeed to the load, and an auxiliary inverter, whichplays the role of an active filter, being based on GaNdevices. In terms of global efficiency, it will bedemonstrated that the proposed inverter roughlyachieves the same result of an IGBT T-Typeinverter with step modulation, but with much bettervoltage and current THD. The investigationaccomplished is useful to detect the best solution forapplications such as electric vehicles, variablespeed industrial motor drives, and wind turbinepower plants, where high efficiency over anextended speed, and/or load range is required.

   Evaluation on Stability of DC-DC Transformer Mode Operation in Interconnected DC Grid
By Yangxin ZOU, Jianjun MA, Miao ZHU, Yijia CHEN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The system may be unstable when independently stable converters are cascaded. This paper proposes a stability improvement scheme by introducing the equivalent transformer control mode into the interlinking converter. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified with a triple-stage cascaded system through simulation and experiment.

   Improvement Method of Voltage sharing Performance for Series-Connected GaN devices based on an Active Surge Absorber Circuit
By Yuki ITOGAWA, Shigeki HARADA, Takahiro URAKABE, Hideaki FUJITA [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This study discusses series-connected gallium nitride (GaN) devices with active surge absorbers (ASAs). To respond to high-speed switching of GaN devices, we propose a circuit scheme using passive elements with a simple structure. The proposed circuit scheme improves the voltage sharing ratio of GaN devices in series, and realizes high breakdown voltage and low loss by series-connected GaN devices. In this study, the theoretical improvement of the proposed circuit scheme was derived and tested by simulation. As a result, it was confirmed that the unbalance of the voltage sharing ratio can be improved by 87.5\% compared to the case without the ASAs circuit.

   Influence of parasitics of components and circuit on switching losses of power SiC and GaN transistors in power converter applications
By Pawel GÓRECKI, Krzysztof GÓRECKI, Kalina DETKA, Vincenzo D'ALESSANDRO [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In this paper, the influence of parasitic parameters of components and circuit on switching energy losses of wide-bandgap power transistors in power converter applications is examined. Simulations are performed to identify the individual importance of each parameter.

   Investigation on the Thermal Stability of Silicon-carbide MOSFETs operating in Controlled Shoot-through mode
By Alessandro SOLDATI, Vishal UNDRE, Roberto MENOZZI [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The Controlled Shoot-Through technique is an emerging and promising one for thermal control and monitoring of power MOSFETs. In this work we investigate the thermal stability of the power device in current-controlled mode at low gate voltages, to identify the effects of long pulses, as needed by in-circuit thermal analysis.

   Model Predictive Direct Voltage Control for Grid-Tied Inverter Systems
By Lars HAGEMANN, Julius KLEUTGENS, Benedict MORTIMER, Rik W. DE DONCKER [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper presents a direct voltage control strategy for a grid-tied inverter using model predictivecontrol (MPC). The direct voltage control (MPDVC) is cascaded to an alternating current control (MPACC). The simulation results show that the MPC approach offers stable steady-state performance and a faster transient response compared to a PI controller benchmark.

   Modeling and Small-Signal Linearization of Three-Phase Rotating Transformation Using Exponential Matrix: Summary, Verification, and Discussion
By Houkai ZHANG, Guochun XIAO, Zhiren LIU [View]
[Download]

Abstract: For the three-phase system, analysis and control are usually carried out in the rotating frame, where the rotating-frame model is required. To obtain the rotating-frame model, for the linear time-invariant (LTI) unit, this paper summarized the unified explicit analytical relation, i.e. the formulas, between the specific transfer functions in the rotating frame and that in the static frame using the exponential matrix, capable of both the three- and four-wire systems; then, for the rotating transformation related nonlinear units, the sample units and the output units, the unified small-signal linearization for both the three- and four-wire systems is presented with the phase-locked loop (PLL) and its discrete-time implementation considered. Corresponding examples with experiment verifications are given to demonstrate the theories.

   Resonant Gate Drive Circuit for Parallel Connected MOSFETs
By Helong LI, Ramkrishan MAHESHWARI, Langlang YU, Prashant SURANA, Thomas EBEL [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Parallel connected MOSFETs are required to increase the power rating of power electronic converters. It is required to maintain equal current sharing among the parallel connected MOSFETs during conduction and transients. To reduce the current unbalance in circuits, coupled inductors are typically used. Utilizing this concept, a couple inductor based resonant gate drive circuit is proposed in the paper for parallel connected MOSFETs. The proposed gate drive has a coupled inductor connected to the gate terminals of the MOSFETs. This helps reducing any gate side mismatch between two MOSFETs. This helps in current sharing between MOSFETs during switching transients. The details of the working of the circuit are explained in the paper. The proposed circuit is verified and validated by simulation and experimental results.

   Robust Direct Model Predictive Control with Reduced Computational Effort for Medium-Voltage Grid-Connected Converters with LCL Filters
By Andrei TREGUBOV, Petros KARAMANAKOS, Ludovico ORTOMBINA [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The performance bene_ts of long-horizon direct model predictive control (MPC) methods become more evident when high-order systems are considered. However, such applications pose a challenge implementation-wise as the increased size of the system model and adoption of long horizons can signi_cantly increase the computational requirements of direct MPC. In addition, variations in the system parameters may deteriorate the controller operation. The presented method allows to harvest the performance bene_ts of long-horizon direct MPC with modest computational effort. This is achieved by adopting a split horizon formulation that enables the ful_llment of two tasks, namely, the prediction of the system behavior and evaluation of the candidate switch positions with marginal computational overhead. Moreover, to enhance the controller robustness to parameter variations, a simple estimator of the grid reactance is introduced. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is veri_ed with a medium-voltage three-level neutral-point-clamped converter connected to the grid via an LCL _lter.

   Single Equivalent PV Inverter Model for PV Farms with Substantial Parameter Disparities Using WD agg Approach
By Navid SHABANIKIA, S. Ali KHAJEHODDIN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper presents an application of the Weighted Dynamic aggregated (WD agg) approach to model photovoltaic (PV) units equipped with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm and a boost converter for power conversion, even in the presence of significant parameter disparities. The proposed model accurately captures the essential features of a PV farm, including PV curves, shading effects, and input irradiance, making it highly suitable for solar farm studies. It successfully replicates the steady-state, transient, and dynamic behavior of the system, with negligible uncertainties in the system parameters. The performance of the proposed method is thoroughly evaluated through time-domain simulations conducted on PV farms consisting of three paralleled PV units with substantial parameter disparities in various case studies. These case studies involve combinations of different stability conditions and irradiation input.

   Switching losses estimation for a push-pull converter based on analytical models considering parasitic elements
By Borja ALBERDI, Mikel MAZUELA, Jon SAN SEBASTIAN, Roberto SÁNCHEZ [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper presents a comparative study of two analytical models for estimating the switching losses of a power MOSFET, considering different levels of parasitics integration. The study focuses on high parasitic inductance scenarios, where the models exhibit notable differences. The models are applied to predict the switching losses of a power MOSFET in a push-pull converter with a high power loop inductance value. The predicted results are validated through experimental testing, and the findingsare discussed in detail. This study contributes to the understanding of the impact of parasitic elements on power MOSFET switching losses, and offers insights for optimizing the power converter design.

   Why Midpoint Balancing of an NPC Is Still a Challenge in Medium-Voltage Applications
By Jakub KUCKA, Martin NEUMANN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In medium-voltage applications, neutral-point clamped converters (NPCs) are often utilized withoptimized pulse patterns. While their utilization improves the current quality significantly without impacting the switching losses, the midpoint balancing becomes a challenge. This paper analyzes the known midpoint balancing methods for NPCs which utilize optimized pulse patterns. Furthermore, it derives a novel model capable of predicting the usability of these balancing methods in variousoperation points. The model demonstrates that currently, none of the investigated publicly-available methods is capable to reliably balance the dc-link capacitors in operation points with purely inductive power factor, which is also validated by a time-domain simulation.

EPE 2023 - DS3a: Converter Modelling and Low-level Control, including Gate-Drives
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2023 ECCE Europe - Conference > EPE 2023 - Topic 03: Measurement and Control > EPE 2023 - DS3a: Converter Modelling and Low-level Control, including Gate-Drives
	[return to parent folder]

	A Floquet Theory-Based Time-domain Stability Analysis Method for Unbalanced Three-Phase Off-Grid Inverter By Hong LI, Jinchang PAN, Mingbo WEI, Zexi ZHOU, Zhong LI	[View] [Download]
Abstract: A double PI controller approach is used in this paper for three-phase inverters operating under both balanced and unbalanced loads. Additionally, a temporal-domain model is formulated to analyze three-phase inverters under both balanced and unbalanced loads. Finally, the model's stability is analyzed with the Floquet theory. Simulation has been carried out to verify the efficacy of the proposed approach and the precision of the model.

	An Active Gate Driver for Iteratively Optimizing the Switching Characteristics of SiC MOSFETs By Johannes KUHN, Tobias ZEKORN, Kenny VOHL, Ralf WUNDERLICH, Stefan HEINEN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents an active gate driver for silicon carbide power MOSFETs. The driver stage is based on digitally controlled current sources with a time resolution of 2 ns. A high-speed ADC is used to sample the voltage between the kelvin source and source terminal of the power MOSFET during the switching event. Thus, current ringing of the switching transition is used as an optimization criterion for iterative optimization of the switching characteristics. The proposed active gate driver is able to reduce both current and voltage ringing significantly. It achieves a voltage overshoot reduction of up to 86\% without a prolongation of the switching event and allows tracking of changing operating points.

	An Efficient Method for Steady-State Analysis of Switching Power Converters with Non-Linear Inductors By Martin PLESNIK, Tohid RAHIMI, Mohsen ASGARIMOGHADDAM, Michel NAKHLA, Xiaoyu WANG, Ram ACHAR	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In this paper, application of boundary-value problem is advanced by introducing a new set of constraints by specifying inductor non-linearity at switching converter operating point. A method for obtaining a good initial guess is proposed enabling computation of the converter steady-state in a single Newton's iteration loop. Proposed method is fast, robust and accurate making it suitable for use in practical designs.

	Closed-loop impedance modeling and analysis of three-phase active rectifier below 150 kHz frequency range By Zhongting TANG, Flemming JOHANSEN, Pooya DAVARI	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper derives the closed-loop impedance model for the typical three-phase active rectifier andinvestigates the dominant factors influencing the converter impedance below 150 kHz frequency range from the basic performance (e.g., steady-state and dynamic performance) and EMI perspectives. Therefore, the complete modeling process of the closed-loop impedance is described,including the control analysis and impedance modeling. The discussion of improving basic performances and EMI performance for the power converter is proposed. Moreover, an advanced impedance measurement technique is introduced. Finally, the validation of the derived closed loop impedance model and the dominant influence analysis for the three-phase rectifier are carried out in MATLAB and PLECS.

	Dead Time Volt-Second Compensation of Converters Enabled by 10 kV SiC MOSFETs By Morten RAHR NIELSEN, Mathias KIRKEBY, Hongbo ZHAO, Jannick KJÆR JØRGENSEN, Michael MØLLER BECH, Stig MUNK-NIELSEN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper highlights the increased importance of volt-second compensating converter nonlinearitiessuch as dead time for wide bandgap semiconductor devices utilized in medium voltage converters.The increasing voltage level of medium voltage converters impose a penalty to the volt-second compensation required to compensate for the voltage error caused by dead time. A thorough analysis and experimental results of switching events are utilized to present the required volt-second compensation for a 10 kV silicon-carbide MOSFET power module.

	Efficiency Assessment of an Open-End Winding Inverter Exploiting a Mixed Si/GaN Technology By Salvatore FOTI, Haseeb KHAN, Antonio TESTA, Gioele BAIA, Salvatore DE CARO	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper investigates about the efficiency of anasymmetrical Open-End Winding inverterstructure, the AHMLI, when a mixed Si/GaNtechnology approach is adopted. The inverterproposed is formed by a main IGBT three level TTypeinverter, which processes the whole powerfeed to the load, and an auxiliary inverter, whichplays the role of an active filter, being based on GaNdevices. In terms of global efficiency, it will bedemonstrated that the proposed inverter roughlyachieves the same result of an IGBT T-Typeinverter with step modulation, but with much bettervoltage and current THD. The investigationaccomplished is useful to detect the best solution forapplications such as electric vehicles, variablespeed industrial motor drives, and wind turbinepower plants, where high efficiency over anextended speed, and/or load range is required.

	Evaluation on Stability of DC-DC Transformer Mode Operation in Interconnected DC Grid By Yangxin ZOU, Jianjun MA, Miao ZHU, Yijia CHEN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The system may be unstable when independently stable converters are cascaded. This paper proposes a stability improvement scheme by introducing the equivalent transformer control mode into the interlinking converter. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified with a triple-stage cascaded system through simulation and experiment.

	Improvement Method of Voltage sharing Performance for Series-Connected GaN devices based on an Active Surge Absorber Circuit By Yuki ITOGAWA, Shigeki HARADA, Takahiro URAKABE, Hideaki FUJITA	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This study discusses series-connected gallium nitride (GaN) devices with active surge absorbers (ASAs). To respond to high-speed switching of GaN devices, we propose a circuit scheme using passive elements with a simple structure. The proposed circuit scheme improves the voltage sharing ratio of GaN devices in series, and realizes high breakdown voltage and low loss by series-connected GaN devices. In this study, the theoretical improvement of the proposed circuit scheme was derived and tested by simulation. As a result, it was confirmed that the unbalance of the voltage sharing ratio can be improved by 87.5\% compared to the case without the ASAs circuit.

	Influence of parasitics of components and circuit on switching losses of power SiC and GaN transistors in power converter applications By Pawel GÓRECKI, Krzysztof GÓRECKI, Kalina DETKA, Vincenzo D'ALESSANDRO	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In this paper, the influence of parasitic parameters of components and circuit on switching energy losses of wide-bandgap power transistors in power converter applications is examined. Simulations are performed to identify the individual importance of each parameter.

	Investigation on the Thermal Stability of Silicon-carbide MOSFETs operating in Controlled Shoot-through mode By Alessandro SOLDATI, Vishal UNDRE, Roberto MENOZZI	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The Controlled Shoot-Through technique is an emerging and promising one for thermal control and monitoring of power MOSFETs. In this work we investigate the thermal stability of the power device in current-controlled mode at low gate voltages, to identify the effects of long pulses, as needed by in-circuit thermal analysis.

	Model Predictive Direct Voltage Control for Grid-Tied Inverter Systems By Lars HAGEMANN, Julius KLEUTGENS, Benedict MORTIMER, Rik W. DE DONCKER	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a direct voltage control strategy for a grid-tied inverter using model predictivecontrol (MPC). The direct voltage control (MPDVC) is cascaded to an alternating current control (MPACC). The simulation results show that the MPC approach offers stable steady-state performance and a faster transient response compared to a PI controller benchmark.

	Modeling and Small-Signal Linearization of Three-Phase Rotating Transformation Using Exponential Matrix: Summary, Verification, and Discussion By Houkai ZHANG, Guochun XIAO, Zhiren LIU	[View] [Download]
Abstract: For the three-phase system, analysis and control are usually carried out in the rotating frame, where the rotating-frame model is required. To obtain the rotating-frame model, for the linear time-invariant (LTI) unit, this paper summarized the unified explicit analytical relation, i.e. the formulas, between the specific transfer functions in the rotating frame and that in the static frame using the exponential matrix, capable of both the three- and four-wire systems; then, for the rotating transformation related nonlinear units, the sample units and the output units, the unified small-signal linearization for both the three- and four-wire systems is presented with the phase-locked loop (PLL) and its discrete-time implementation considered. Corresponding examples with experiment verifications are given to demonstrate the theories.

	Resonant Gate Drive Circuit for Parallel Connected MOSFETs By Helong LI, Ramkrishan MAHESHWARI, Langlang YU, Prashant SURANA, Thomas EBEL	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Parallel connected MOSFETs are required to increase the power rating of power electronic converters. It is required to maintain equal current sharing among the parallel connected MOSFETs during conduction and transients. To reduce the current unbalance in circuits, coupled inductors are typically used. Utilizing this concept, a couple inductor based resonant gate drive circuit is proposed in the paper for parallel connected MOSFETs. The proposed gate drive has a coupled inductor connected to the gate terminals of the MOSFETs. This helps reducing any gate side mismatch between two MOSFETs. This helps in current sharing between MOSFETs during switching transients. The details of the working of the circuit are explained in the paper. The proposed circuit is verified and validated by simulation and experimental results.

	Robust Direct Model Predictive Control with Reduced Computational Effort for Medium-Voltage Grid-Connected Converters with LCL Filters By Andrei TREGUBOV, Petros KARAMANAKOS, Ludovico ORTOMBINA	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The performance bene_ts of long-horizon direct model predictive control (MPC) methods become more evident when high-order systems are considered. However, such applications pose a challenge implementation-wise as the increased size of the system model and adoption of long horizons can signi_cantly increase the computational requirements of direct MPC. In addition, variations in the system parameters may deteriorate the controller operation. The presented method allows to harvest the performance bene_ts of long-horizon direct MPC with modest computational effort. This is achieved by adopting a split horizon formulation that enables the ful_llment of two tasks, namely, the prediction of the system behavior and evaluation of the candidate switch positions with marginal computational overhead. Moreover, to enhance the controller robustness to parameter variations, a simple estimator of the grid reactance is introduced. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is veri_ed with a medium-voltage three-level neutral-point-clamped converter connected to the grid via an LCL _lter.

	Single Equivalent PV Inverter Model for PV Farms with Substantial Parameter Disparities Using WD agg Approach By Navid SHABANIKIA, S. Ali KHAJEHODDIN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents an application of the Weighted Dynamic aggregated (WD agg) approach to model photovoltaic (PV) units equipped with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm and a boost converter for power conversion, even in the presence of significant parameter disparities. The proposed model accurately captures the essential features of a PV farm, including PV curves, shading effects, and input irradiance, making it highly suitable for solar farm studies. It successfully replicates the steady-state, transient, and dynamic behavior of the system, with negligible uncertainties in the system parameters. The performance of the proposed method is thoroughly evaluated through time-domain simulations conducted on PV farms consisting of three paralleled PV units with substantial parameter disparities in various case studies. These case studies involve combinations of different stability conditions and irradiation input.

	Switching losses estimation for a push-pull converter based on analytical models considering parasitic elements By Borja ALBERDI, Mikel MAZUELA, Jon SAN SEBASTIAN, Roberto SÁNCHEZ	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a comparative study of two analytical models for estimating the switching losses of a power MOSFET, considering different levels of parasitics integration. The study focuses on high parasitic inductance scenarios, where the models exhibit notable differences. The models are applied to predict the switching losses of a power MOSFET in a push-pull converter with a high power loop inductance value. The predicted results are validated through experimental testing, and the findingsare discussed in detail. This study contributes to the understanding of the impact of parasitic elements on power MOSFET switching losses, and offers insights for optimizing the power converter design.

	Why Midpoint Balancing of an NPC Is Still a Challenge in Medium-Voltage Applications By Jakub KUCKA, Martin NEUMANN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In medium-voltage applications, neutral-point clamped converters (NPCs) are often utilized withoptimized pulse patterns. While their utilization improves the current quality significantly without impacting the switching losses, the midpoint balancing becomes a challenge. This paper analyzes the known midpoint balancing methods for NPCs which utilize optimized pulse patterns. Furthermore, it derives a novel model capable of predicting the usability of these balancing methods in variousoperation points. The model demonstrates that currently, none of the investigated publicly-available methods is capable to reliably balance the dc-link capacitors in operation points with purely inductive power factor, which is also validated by a time-domain simulation.