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EPE 2003 - Topic 09a: Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2003 - Conference > EPE 2003 - Topic 09: ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES > EPE 2003 - Topic 09a: Permanent Magnet Machines and Drives
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	Comparative study over the starting methods for a single-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor   By M. Popescu; T.J.E. Miller; C. Cossar; M. McGilp; G. Strappazzon; N. Trivillin; R. Santarossa	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper compares three starting methods for a single-phase interior permanent magnet synchronous motor. One is a line-start capacitor motor with a starting cage. The second is the same cage motor with an open-loop variable-voltage fixed-frequency inverter. The third uses the same motor without its starting cage, fed from a closed-loop current-regulated inverter with shaft position feedback. The computed starting performance is compared with test data for all three cases.
	Speed and position sensorless control of PM synchronous motors using a new scheme of MRAS method   By Y. Liang; Y. Li	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a scheme of Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) method for the sensorless control of PM synchronous motors. The stability of this scheme is guaranteed by the Popov Super Stability Theorem. Two-phase stator currents and DC bus voltage are used to estimate the rotor speed and position and the algorithm is very simple. The experimental results show that the estimated values of speed and position are in close agreement with those obtained from an encoder. Through simulation and experiments, this method’s robustness to initial rotor position errors is also discussed.
	Design of a radial flux permanent magnet motor for electric vehicle   By S. Tounsi; R. Neji; F. Sellami	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper deals with the design and the optimization of permanent magnets motor. Five trapezoidal and four sinusoidal wave-form motor configurations were investigated and analysed. Firstly, an analytic dimensioning was lead simultaneously with an electromagnetic modelling by finite element. Secondly, a finer modelling with finite element was realized dynamically.
	Initial rotor position detection of Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)   By A. Benchaib; J-C. Alacoque; S. Poullain; J-L. Thomas	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper proposes an initial rotor position detection based on the variation of the current time response caused by the magnetic saturation of the stator core. This detection technique doesn’t require the motor parameters knowledge and cancels the average value of the torque (no displacement of the rotor). Simulation results are presented to highlight the effectiveness of this technique.
	Sensorless optimum control of wind generation systems with interior permanent magnet synchronous motor   By S. Morimoto; M. Sanada; Y. Takeda	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper proposes the sensorless optimum control method for the wind generation system, where an interior permanent magnet synchronous generator (IPMSG) is used as a variable-speed generator. The objective of this paper is to obtain the maximum generated output power from the wind energy and to achieve such wind generation system without mechanical sensors. The maximum available wind power can be obtained by the MPPT control without wind speed sensor, where the generator torque is optimally controlled according to the generator speed based on the wind turbine model. The current vector of IPMSG is optimally control according to the speed and torque command considering the voltage and current constraints in order to make generator efficiency maximum and generate electrical output power as large as possible. The speed and position sensors are not utilized in the IPMSG control system, and such information is estimated based on the generator model. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed wind generation system, several experimentations were carried out and the performance of the proposed control method was discussed.
	Optimal control of interior permanent magnet synchronous integrated starter-generator   By L. Chédot; G. Friedrich	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper deals with the optimal control of interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPM) in the integrated starter-generator (ISG) application. IPM designed for flux-weakening operations are able to realise high performances. Nevertheless, the ISG environment imposes lots of constraints which must be taken into account in an appropriate control. After a presentation of machine design, ISG constraints and control structure, models of the IPM and its environment are detailed including electromechanical calculations. An optimal control (total losses minimisation) based on a numerical, non linear constrained optimisation routine is described. Efficiencies in torque vs. speed plan point out the importance of taking into account voltage and power limitations against the operating range. The presented simulation results shows that Interior Permanent Magnet machine (IPM) is a good solution for ISG applications.
	Startup of sensorless brushless DC motor based on open phase voltage measurement   By M. Maletiæ; B. Terziæ; M. Jadriæ	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a method for start-up of sensorless brushless DC motor. A specific switching technique is applied to bring the motor speed to a threshold value required for regular sensorless operation. The procedure is based on bringing the rotor in the known position and determination of the first commutation instant by a special experiment. The start-up procedure is integrated with the back EMF zero-crossing detection sensorless strategy and tested on the laboratory setup.
	Novel fixed frequency direct torque control technique for a permanent magnet synchronous machine   By A.M. Llor; J.M. Retif; X. Lin-Shi; S. Arnalte; B. Allard	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: These paper presents a new control strategy for synchronous machines drives based on the direct control of the stator flux linkage magnitude and the electromagnetic torque. To avoid the problems of a conventional Direct Torque Control (DTC), related to the torque ripple and current distortion, the proposed control allows working with fixed switching frequency in the inverter. An application for a Superficial Permanent Magnets Synchronous Machines (SPMSM) will be given. Experimental results will be showed.
	Feasability of a group drive with two permanent magnet synchronous traction motors for commuter trains   By O. Koerner; A. Binder	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: Gearless permanent magnet synchronous traction motors (PMSM) offer lower life cycle costs compared to induction motors with gear units; however, PMSM usually require one inverter per motor. In commuter trains, one inverter feeds up to four induction motors – a cost advantage for induction motor drives. The feasibility of a group drive with two PMSM fed by one inverter is investigated to limit the number of inverters.
	CAD of a single stator dual rotor PM-machine drive: Analysis in the Simplorer environment   By M. Sahbi; A. Guermazi; A. Masmoudi; A. Elantably	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: The paper deals with the CAD and analysis of a new drive intended for hybrid propulsion applications. It is made up of a single stator dual rotor permanent magnet machine (SDRPM) and an height-switch converter. The SDRPM consists of a set of two concentric permanent magnet machines: the inner machine with an inner rotor and the outer machine with an outer rotor. Each machine is fed by a four-switch three-phase inverter. Considering a single brushless DC machine concept (BDCM), a special attention is paid to the analysis of the drive transient behavior under the control of a self-commutation strategy, and its comparison with the behavior yielded by a conventional six-switch three-phase inverter fed BDCM drive under the control of the same strategy.
	Influence of the shaft stiffness in the design of PMSM with a global approach   By L Gasc; M.Fadel; S.Astier; L.Calegari	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper deals with the design of permanent magnet synchronous motors through a global approach. Finite Element Analysis is used to valid the analytical sizing design. Analytical and thermal model are developed. A program processing requirements such as outside sizes, inertia motor, heating in steady operation and minimisation of torque oscillations enables to obtain a solution without needing to use optimisation software. Then it is shown how in an mechanical system used for torque assistance the design is constrained by mechanical characteristics, particularly the torque sensor stiffness. Increasing this parameter enables to decrease the temperature in steady state operation. Two examples of designs are presented with an aim of highlighting the interaction between torque sensor stiffness and motor inertia and the consequences on the design.
	Hybrid excitation synchronous alternator debiting on a diode rectifier with a resistive load   By Y. Amara; A. H. Ben Ahmed; E. Hoang; L. Vido; M. Gabsi; M. Lécrivain	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: Hybrid excitation synchronous machines are machines with two excitation circuits, one with permanent magnets and another wound. The study presented in this paper concerns the operating of a hybrid excitation alternator debiting on a diode rectifier with a resistive load. A parametric study is undertaken to evaluate the effect of the hybrid excitation alternator parameters on the maximal performances. Particular attention is devoted to the influence of hybridization ratio on the global efficiency. The hybridization ratio is a typical parameter of hybrid excitation machines. It reflects the ratio between the permanent magnets excitation flux and the wound excitation flux. Measurements on a hybrid excitation alternator allows to validate the parametric study.
	Sensorless control of a PM synchronous motor for washing machine   By K.Y. Cho; S.B. Yang; C.H. Hong; J.C. Kim	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: A sensorless control of a PM synchronous motor under the parameter variation is presented. The rotor position is estimated by using the d-axis and q-axis current errors between the real system and motor model of the estimator. The stator resistance is measured near zero speeds when the motor changes its rotating direction. The variation of the stator resistance and back emf constant due to the temperature variation is compensated in the model of the position estimator. The gains in the position estimator are also adapted according to the motor speeds.
	Single current sensing for brushless DC drive: a fully digital solution   By C. Concari; G. Franceschini; S. Raboni; M. Pignedoli; P. Giorgioni	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a simple and effective solution about torque current reconstruction in Brushless DC Motor control drives for lift door automation. In particular a fully digital scheme is presented, based on a new generation DSP requiring only a few passive components for current measurements, this allows torque current reconstruction also in case of complementary switching modulation strategy by using a single current sensor in the dc link. Continuous current offset compensation is performed by suitable sampling strategy and minimum pulse cancellation effects can be easily addressed. The proposed torque current reconstruction has been tested in a closed loop speed control with both sensored and sensorless drive operation.
	Backup sensorless control of SPMSM drives with sliding-mode observer   By G.L. Cascella; F. Cupertino; L. Salvatore; N. Salvatore; S. Stasi	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a novel strategy to guarantee continuous working of a Surface Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (SPMSM) drive even when position-sensor failure occurs. This strategy consists in using a sliding-mode speed observer, in place of a second sensor, without additional cost. The speed observer needs an initial parameter tuning and has to be periodically tuned during sensor-based control of the drive. In this way the speed estimate of the sliding-mode observer is accurate enough to avoid switching from sensor-based control to sensorless one when position sensor is healthy and speed transients occur. If the difference between estimated rotor speed and measured one exceeds an alarm threshold, the failure and recovery manager switches the control scheme from sensor-based to sensorless mode. Results of tests show effective field-oriented control is maintained when switching, due to position-sensor failure, happens.
	A new hybrid synchronous motor   By M. Crivii; M. Jufer	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a new structure of hybrid synchronous motor. The advantages of this motor include: the sinusoidal shape of the back-emf, the smooth steady-state torque and the high-speed operating range. The paper presents the motor design using 3D Finite Element Analysis (FEM) and the main results of the realized prototype.
	A 2-degrees-of-freedom drive employing a novel rotary-linear motor   By P. Bolognesi	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: For many applications requiring articulated movements, e.g. robotics and tooling machines, actuators able to directly manage multiple mechanical degrees-of-freedom are increasingly sought to simplify the overall structure while improving performances and reducing the maintenance requirements. In this paper, the structure and theoretical behavior of a recently introduced rotary-linear brushless machine are recalled, illustrating the ideal possibility to achieve a decoupled ripple-less force/torque control with a linear correlation to suitable components of the phase currents. The selection among different possible structures of the supply converter is then addressed, highlighting the possibility to employ common inverter modules. A complete drive structure for the control of axial position and rotational speed is finally proposed, describing its Matlab-Simulink® simplified model and reporting simulation results that illustrate the potentially interesting performances of the system under different operating conditions.
	Sensorless vector control method for permanent magnet synchronous motors using reduced order observer in park frame   By D. A. Khaburi; M. Shahnazari	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a sensorless vector control method for permanent magnet synchronous motors based on a reduced order observer. This observer estimates only mechanical variables of machine, speed and rotor position. To converge the estimated values to their real ones, the observer uses electromotive force components in park frame. These components could be calculated using machine model and electrical variables. This method permits to start up from an unknown initial position and control the motor in transient and steady state. This approach has been simulated and implemented in a test bench. Simulation and experimental results illustrate the validity of the proposed method.
	Optimization of a brushless DC motor load association   By E. Macua; C. Ripoll; J.-C. Vannier	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper describes the design of a brushless motor and its speed reduction gearbox for an automotive application. An analysis of load specifications permits to optimize the design of the motor and the associated mechanical transmission system. The energy supply source adds constraints which are also taken into account in the design procedure. The main parameters of the motor design are obtained from the inertia, nominal torque and peak torque. The evolution of the peak static and dynamic torques, RMS torque, power consumption and speed transmission ratio values is analyzed for different motors following the maximum rotor speed. The evolution of the motor and reducer sizes is presented and discussed.
	Parameters Identification of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine in Vector Control   By D. A. Khaburi; M. Shahnazari	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: In advanced motor control system, an accurate knowledge of motor parameters is essential in order to achieve a good performance. Some of these parameters, such as stator resistance are given by constructors, but they vary in different operating conditions. The purpose of this paper is to present an efficient method to identify the parameters of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM). Using this method, we can determine these parameters for different operating conditions taking into account nonlinear aspects of machines. This method has been simulated and implemented in a test bench and obtained results proved the validity and efficiency of proposed Method
	Starting torque response of direct torque controlled interior permanent magnet synchronous motor   By N. Hoshi; S. Ohno; K. Oguchi; T. Kubota
Abstract: A control scheme based on direct torque control (DTC) with maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) characteristics for interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSM) is proposed. The scheme uses the reluctance torque effectively to obtain faster torque response. IPMSM has a saliency. In other words, the q-axis inductance in the IPMSM is larger than the d-axis inductance. This saliency introduces the reluctance torque. MTPA control has been proposed as a scheme of using this reluctance torque effectively. In the DTC, the MTPA control is achieved by setting a torque reference and a stator flux-linkage reference appropriately. However, a torque response may get worse when the DTC with the MTPA characteristics applied to IPMSM without considerations of the influence of the transient reluctance torque. In the proposed scheme, the impairment of the torque response caused by the reluctance torque is reduced by delaying the input of a stator flux-linkage reference to the input of a torque reference into the controller at a start. The starting torque response and the stator flux-linkage trajectory of the proposed scheme are compared with those of a conventional scheme in simulations and experiments. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified through simulations and experiments.
	Induction machine - permanent-magnet synchronous machine comparison in industrial drives   By P. Salminen; T. Heikkilä; M. Niemelä; J. Pyrhönen	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: It is shown that a direct drive IP54, 600 rpm PMSM may replace an IP54, 1500 rpm standard IM with a 2.5:1 gear in an industrial drive applications. Results of analytical and FEM calculations as well as measurements of a 45kW, 600 rpm prototype V-magnet motor are given.
	An analytical method for a simplified design of a TFPM machine   By V. Isastia; S. Meo; M. Bellucci	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: The paper deals with an analytical method suitable for the simplified design of the transverse flux permanent magnet brushless machines (TFPM machines) without using numerical codes. In the paper at first, a general structure with cylindrical symmetry and air gap surfaces constituted by teeth with rectangular profile is consider, then, the proposed method to a particular TFPM machine is extend. At end the analytical results with the numerical ones obtained by means of “Maxwell Field Simulator” called “Maxwell 3D” and “Optimetrics are compared, in order to prove the goodness and the accuracy of the proposal.
	A PMSM based control for traction applications   By S. Belin; M. Scrooby; J.E. Masselus; T. Jobard; S. Courtine	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: The control is designed for permanent magnet synchronous machines to be used in traction applications. It covers the entire speed and power range of railway and road transport applications. Particular attention has been paid to control at high speed and recovery in the field-weakening region where the PMSM behaves as a generator if not voltage fed.
	Strategies for closed loop control of high speed permanent magnet synchronous machines for industrial applications   By J. Kiel; U. Koch	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: High speed drive systems can provide a significant contribution to the reduction of sizes of compressors, blowers and machine tools. A specific problem of these high speed drives is the heating of the rotor, which can be reduced by replacing the squirrel cage motor (ASM) by a permanent magnet motor (PSM). As the absolute rotor position is needed for the control of this type of motor, the problem of appropriate encoders arises, as standard encoders and resolvers are only suitable up to 30000rpm. To overcome this drawback a sensorless approach is proposed. In a second proposal the standard encoder is replaced by hall sensors, which can be integrated directly into the motor and do not have any rotating elements, making it suitable for high speed. In this way, the length of the motor doesn’t need to be increased, while all advantages of a real position sensor are preserved.
	An hf signal-injection based observer for wide speed range sensorless PM motor drives including zero speed   By C. Silva; G. M. Asher; M. Sumner	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of wide speed range sensorless control of a surface mount permanent magnet (SMPM) machine including zero speed operation. A new hybrid structure integrating a flux observer and signal injection techniques is proposed which results in a rotor position signal independent of motor parameters at low and zero speed. Experimental results are presented showing excellent performance for both sensorless speed and position control.
	Hierarchichal current control design for electromagnetic aircraft launching system (EMALS)   By A. Monti; K. Patel; D. Patterson; D. Kovuri; R. Dougal	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper describes an approach to hierarchichal modular control for an electromagnetic aircraft launching system for the aircraft carrier of the future. The purposes are to analyze the possibility of improving the control performance using efficient evaluation of switching conditions, and to explore the different options for the basic control design and the way in which these designs will be tested using the Virtual Test Bed (VTB) Software. After the descripition of the application of deadbeat control, in conjunction with predictive algorithms, to the Control, back electro-magnetic force (emf) generated by FEA (Finite Element Analysis) is discussed. The non-ideal shape of the back emf produces torque ripple in the control. It is shown that this ripple can be easily compensated for by the new control scheme proposed. The new control scheme is tested under two different conditions: twophase control (or DC brushless) and three-phase control (AC brushless).
	Safety operation locations of permanent magnet synchronous machine for stand alone wind energy converter   By E. J. R. Sambatra; G. Barakat; B. Dakyo; X. Roboam	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper deals with the study of the safety operation zones of permanent magnet synchronous generator directly coupled to the turbine of a stand alone wind energy converter. First, the model of each component constituting a stage in the path of the conversion is proposed and implemented in Matlab environment. Then, based on simulation results, the different operation regions of the permanent magnet synchronous generator are determined and analysed. These simulation results provide accurate informations which will be helpful for permanent magnet synchronous machine design and system control operation.
	Polyphase PM brushless motors for high reliability applications   By J. Figueroa; J. Cros; P. Viarouge
Abstract: This paper presents a comparative analysis of the fault tolerance of polyphase motors. Since each phase generates a smaller part of the total torque than in the case of a three-phase machine, it is easier to improve the fault tolerance with a polyphase motor. An open phase, a short-circuited phase and an inverter transistor fault are the typical faults which are considered. The current compensation of the torque ripple under fault condition for a five and seven phase machine are determined. The design of the machine must be also adapted to improve the fault tolerance. Different suitable 7-phase and 5- phase machine designs with concentrated windings are presented. A simplified control system using only one Hall effect sensor per phase is described. An 7-phase experimental setup validates the results obtained in the case of open and short-circuited phase faults.
	Multi-star PM brushless DC motor for traction applications   By J. Cros; C. Paynot; J. Figueroa; P. Viarouge	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: A specific drive structure using a brushless PM motor with constant power operation on a wide speed range is presented. The proposed solution can be applied to specific motor structures which can be wound with a multi-star winding. Each star winding is using a specific number of turns and is supplied by a 3-phase inverter. All star-windings are supplied to deliver the highest output torque in the low speed range but only the star winding with the lowest number of turns is supplied to deliver the torque in the high speed range. The current can be always maintained in phase with the no-load emf to maximize the torque to Amp ratio and a simple current control system can be used. The method is compared to other conventional methods as flux weakening control and maximal torque control using a single star winding motor. Some design rules of multi-star motors with concentrated or centralized windings are described. A prototype of fractional power brushless motor with a doublestar winding and a surface mounted permanent magnet rotor is also presented. It is used to validate the proposed method with a conventional rectangular current control system. The experimental torquespeed characteristic confirms the performance of this drive method.
	Analytical model for a design approach of an axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine for wind energy application   By J. Azzouzi; G. Barakat; B. Dakyo	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper discusses the electromagnetic design process of a 10 kW generator for a direct-coupled wind turbine application. An Axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine (AFPMSM) is the most suitable because of their high compactness and their high torque to weight ratio. A structural design analytical model is presented considering the fundamental electromagnetic laws governing this type of machines. It is used to evaluate a wide range of design parameters for each specification considered. Taking into account the geometrical details of the pre-dimensioned machine, a more complex analytical model of the flux density is developed. A three dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to validate the analytical model and to accomplish the machine design.
	Development of a Switched Permanent Magnet Machine (SPM)   By M. Huber; W. Amrhein; S. Silber; J. Schmid; M. Kaiserseder	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: A Brushless DC motor with stator permanent magnets is presented. The mechanical construction is similar to that of a Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM), whereas the characteristics relate to a Brushless DC. Thus the new motor is referred to as Switched Permanent Magnet Motor (SPM). The stator permanent magnets of the SPM impress a bias flux. Hence higher torque and a linear torque vs. current function is achieved.
	Measurement results using the ficticious field-current model for PMSM   By A. Thaler; B. Kloeckl	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper reports the measurement results that can be obtained when applying a new interpretation of the electrodynamic behavior of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) to the measured data. A constant alternating current source and a resistor network, in conjunction with a certain step-by-step measuring procedure [4] are used to obtain the machine's magnetizing d- and q- reactances, taking into account all saturation and cross-saturation eects. Finally, this allows for very exact prediction of the produced torque for any operating state.
	Guaranteed synchronization of sensorless non.salient PMSM drives   By M. Jansson; L. Harnefors; K. Pietiläinen	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: In this paper, we analyze the algorithm for speed and position estimation of non-salient permanent- magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) proposed in [1]. It is shown that, with this algorithm, the sensorless drive synchronizes from any initial rotor position, recovers from initial rotation in the wrong direction, and reverses rotation without lockup or instability phenomena, for certain choices of the controller parameters.