EPE Association: EPE 2014 - DS1d: Electrical Machines

EPE 2014 - DS1d: Electrical Machines
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2014 ECCE Europe - Conference > EPE 2014 - Topic 04: Electrical Machines and Drive Systems > EPE 2014 - DS1d: Electrical Machines

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   A Design and Drive-Cycle Based Analysis of Direct-Driven Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine for a Small Urban Use Electric Vehicle
By Vesa RUUSKANEN, Janne NERG, Asko PARVIAINEN, Marko RILLA, Juha PYRHÖNEN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: A direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous machine for a small urban use electric vehicle ispresented. The measured performance of the machine at the test bench as well as the performance overthe modified New European Drive Cycle will be given. The effect of optimal current components,maximizing the efficiency and taking into account the iron loss, is compared with the simple id=0 control. The machine currents and losses during the drive cycle are calculated and compared with eachother.

   A novel sensorless position and speed estimation method for heteropolar inductor machines
By Jingzhe WU, Martin BALCHIN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel position/speed estimation method for a special type of armature sideexcited synchronous machine, namely heteropolar inductor machines, by taking advantage of themachines unique structural characteristics. The field winding characteristics of heteropolar inductormachines are analyzed firstly. Analytical approaches for developing q-axis position and rotor speedestimation algorithm are then discussed, based only on terminal voltage and current measurements.Finally the validity of theories is supported by practical experiments, and the performance ofestimations of position and speed under both steady state and transient conditions are shown byexperiments in a prototype machine.

   Design Limitations of 6-slot 2-pole High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines with Tooth-Coil Windings
By Nikita UZHEGOV, Emil KURVINEN, Juha PYRHÖNEN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Mechanical and electro-magnetic limitations of high-speed tooth-coil electrical machines having 6 slots and 2 poles are investigated. The paper analyses the performance of a designed high-speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator with Tooth-Coil windings (TC-PMSM) with the topology mentioned. The generator nominal power is designed for 11 kW and nominal rotation speed is set to 31 200 rpm.

   Design of fault tolerant control technique for SRM drive
By Peter DÚBRAVKA, Pavol RAFAJDUS, Adrián PENIAK, Pavol MAKY, Valéria HRABOVCOVÁ, Lorand SZABO, Mircea RUBA [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper deals with the improvement of the switched reluctance motor's fault tolerant control fortraction drives. The main purpose is to use a control technique which is able to retain the requiredspeed for various load torques at minimal torque ripple also during one opened phase operation. Thepaper focuses on the comparative study of the current hysteresis control and direct instantaneoustorque control (DITC) techniques.

   Design on Permanent Magnet Structure of Radial Flux Permanent Magnet Generator for Cogging Torque Reduction and Low Torque Ripple
By Gyeong Chan LEE, SEUNG-HAN KAM, TAE-UK JUNG [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Cogging torque is important factor of a permanent magnet generator because cogging torque affects cut-in wind speed and produces torque ripple, mechanical vibration and noise on wind turbine. In this paper, the design for cogging torque reduction and low torque ripple of outer rotor radial flux permanent magnet generator has been proposed. To reduce cogging torque and torque ripple, pole arc ratio and permanent magnet structure was designed.

   Effect of Coercieve Force and Characteristics of a Pole Changing Permanent Magnet Motor for Variable-Speed Drive
By Kazuto SAKAI [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Energy savings in electrical appliances and electric vehicles can be realized by reducing the power consumption of motors operating for variable-speed drive. In order to reduce the energy consumption of such electrical devices, flux-weakening currents are used to reduce the voltage at high rotational speeds, which leads to significant copper and core losses. To counter this problem, we have developed a new technique that changes the number of poles in a permanent magnet (PM) motor based on the rotational speed. Therefore, we have proposed a PM motor that can vary its electrical machine constants to obtain high efficiency and an extensive rotational speed range. Herein, we describe the structure, pole changing magnetization mechanism, and basic characteristics of a novel pole changing PM motor, and present various characteristics of the motor over a wide rotational speed range. Furthermore, we also discuss the effect on the motor of the coercive force of the variable magnetized permanent magnet. The results of our study show that the proposed motor reduces core loss by about 50\%, doubles the rotational speed range of the motor, and demonstrates high efficiency over a wide rotational speed range.

   Electro-Static Machine Design Considerations for Outer-space Applications
By WEN OUYANG [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper describes the general designconsiderations and analysis for an industrial size electro-static(ES) motor/generator. The operation fundamentals, combinedwith FE (Finite Element) analysis are discussed with the targetoperation in the outer space or vacuumed environment. Thetorque production and limitations with high voltage electric fieldare analyzed and compared with conventional frame size electricmachines.

   Energy saving by hybridization of a city bus
By Paula IMMONEN, Pia LINDH, Hanna NIEMELÄ, Juha PYRHÖNEN, Simo SINKKO, Marko KASURINEN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Energy efficiencies of different hybrid systems are investigated in an urban bus cycle. A diesel bus isconverted into a multihybrid bus also capable of operating in a direct diesel drive. The target is toinvestigate which kind of a hybrid system provides the lowest fuel consumption in different operatingconditions.

   Experimental determination of stator winding failure behavior
By Martin VAN DER GEEST, Henk POLINDER, Braham FERREIRA [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In the design of fault-tolerant or fail-safe systems, detailed knowledge of potential failure processes is required. One failure mode in electrical machines is an inter-turn, or turn-to-turn short-circuit, which can cause very large local heating and subsequently, progression of the fault. This paper experimentally determines the failure process and mode of enameled wire coils after occurrence of an initial fault. Step currents are applied to dummy coils and the failure process is monitored. Various current levels are applied to single and three layer coils. The results demonstrate a high repeatability between identical tests; a calibrated adiabatic model can predict the time-to-failure. Stepwise changes in the terminal resistance indicate that failure of individual turns occurs and can be distinguished. Lastly, the results prove that that multilayer coils can sustain larger total currents due to formation between the layers.

   FPGA-based Real-Time Simulation of a Dual Three-Phase Induction Machine
By Raúl GREGOR, Guido VALENZANO, José RODRÍGUEZ, Jorge RODAS [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper presents a digital hardware implementation of a real-time simulator for a Multiphase Drive using a FPGA environment. The simulator was developed using VHDL, with a modular and hierarchical design, making it flexible and portable. A state-space representation model suitable for FPGA implementation has been proposed for the DTPIM. The DTPIM model is computed at a fixed time-step of 10 us. The simulator also models a 2-level 12-pulse IGBT based VSC, a PWM scheme and a measurement system. Real-time simulation results outputs (stator currents and rotor speed) has been validated under steady-state and transient conditions using as reference an experimental test bench based on a DTPIM of 15 kW rated power. The results demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of a digital hardware implementation.

   Improvement of FSPM's Behaviour Through Geometry Adjustments
By Karel HRUSKA, Pavel SVETLIK [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The paper deals with improvement of flux-switching permanent magnet machine's characteristics through geometrical adjustments of its magnetic circuit. These modifications include changes of shapes of both rotor and stator parts. Their effect on machine's torque and induced-back electromotive force is studied. A comparison of obtained results shows possible future way of further optimisations and building of a prototype.

   Modeling and Control of Transverse Flux Reluctance Machines
By Jan KLÖCK, Walter SCHUMACHER [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper presents a lumped parameter model describing the electromagnetic behavior of Transverse Flux Reluctance Machines. Current dynamics and torque generation are obtained utilizing varying magnetic conductivities of the air gap along the rotor perimeter. The model parameters are identified experimentally using a high accuracy current control for sinusoidal reference currents. A low torque ripplemode of operation is proposed.

   Optimization Methodology for Synchronous Reluctance Motor by Finite Element Method
By DANY PRIETO, ALEJANDRO FERNANDEZ, PHILIPPE DESSANTE, JEAN-CLAUDE VANNIER, XAVIER JANNOT, JACQUES SAINT-MICHEL [View]
[Download]

Abstract: An easy optimization methodology for design of permanent magnet synchronous motors is presented. The analyzed structure is a permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMA-SRM). For a motor design optimization the parameters are the geometric and electrical magnitudes. The proposed method of optimization is divided into two parts: global optimization (geometric parameters) and local optimization (electrical optimization). The main objective is to minimize the motor cost. The performance computations are made with Finite Element Method. Finally, the method is used to compare the motors for two types of permanent magnets (NdFeB and Ferrite).

   Possible Manufacturing Tolerance Faults in Design and Construction of Low Speed Slotless Permanent Magnet Generator
By Toomas VAIMANN, Ants KALLASTE, Anouar BELAHCEN, Aleksander KILK [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper describes manufacturing tolerance faults that may occur during the design of electricalmachines. Examples of the manufacturing tolerances are based on the design and construction processof a slotless permanent magnet wind generator. Experiments are carried out on the reference machine.

   The Acoustic Impact of Rotor Eccentricity in Switched Reluctance Machines
By Andreas HOFMANN, Fang QI, Claude WEISS, Rik DE DONCKER [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The cost-efficient switched reluctance machine is highly appealing to the automotive industry. In this application acoustic noise is a crucial criterion, which is usually addressed during the design process. However, parasitic effects, such as rotor eccentricity, are normally not a design target but only a finding during the test of the prototype. This paper deduces a theory that mathematically describes the effect of static and rotating eccentricity. A 2D Fourier series in space and time was used to investigate the impact of an asymmetric force excitation. The theory was verified by means of a measured spectrogram of a small laboratory machine. Afterwards, the theory was applied to investigate the acoustic behavior of an automotive-size switched reluctance machine with rotor eccentricity. The theory proved effective and is ready-to-use to foresee potential acoustic problems already during the design of future switched reluctance machines.

   Torque Ripple Reduction Methods for an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
By Poopak ROSHANFEKR FARD, Sonja LUNDMARK, Torbjörn THIRINGER, Mikael ALATALO [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This article presents the effect of different torque ripple reduction methods on the average torque and back-emf harmonics. Two methods are compared. One is skewing the stator of the machine and the other method is using a fractional slot winding for the machine. It has been shown that both methods reduce the torque ripple of the IPMSM by 70\% while the impact on the average torque is ignorable. The back-emf harmonics will be also reduced.

EPE 2014 - DS1d: Electrical Machines
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2014 ECCE Europe - Conference > EPE 2014 - Topic 04: Electrical Machines and Drive Systems > EPE 2014 - DS1d: Electrical Machines
	[return to parent folder]

	A Design and Drive-Cycle Based Analysis of Direct-Driven Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine for a Small Urban Use Electric Vehicle By Vesa RUUSKANEN, Janne NERG, Asko PARVIAINEN, Marko RILLA, Juha PYRHÖNEN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: A direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous machine for a small urban use electric vehicle ispresented. The measured performance of the machine at the test bench as well as the performance overthe modified New European Drive Cycle will be given. The effect of optimal current components,maximizing the efficiency and taking into account the iron loss, is compared with the simple id=0 control. The machine currents and losses during the drive cycle are calculated and compared with eachother.

	A novel sensorless position and speed estimation method for heteropolar inductor machines By Jingzhe WU, Martin BALCHIN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper proposes a novel position/speed estimation method for a special type of armature sideexcited synchronous machine, namely heteropolar inductor machines, by taking advantage of themachines unique structural characteristics. The field winding characteristics of heteropolar inductormachines are analyzed firstly. Analytical approaches for developing q-axis position and rotor speedestimation algorithm are then discussed, based only on terminal voltage and current measurements.Finally the validity of theories is supported by practical experiments, and the performance ofestimations of position and speed under both steady state and transient conditions are shown byexperiments in a prototype machine.

	Design Limitations of 6-slot 2-pole High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines with Tooth-Coil Windings By Nikita UZHEGOV, Emil KURVINEN, Juha PYRHÖNEN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Mechanical and electro-magnetic limitations of high-speed tooth-coil electrical machines having 6 slots and 2 poles are investigated. The paper analyses the performance of a designed high-speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator with Tooth-Coil windings (TC-PMSM) with the topology mentioned. The generator nominal power is designed for 11 kW and nominal rotation speed is set to 31 200 rpm.

	Design of fault tolerant control technique for SRM drive By Peter DÚBRAVKA, Pavol RAFAJDUS, Adrián PENIAK, Pavol MAKY, Valéria HRABOVCOVÁ, Lorand SZABO, Mircea RUBA	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper deals with the improvement of the switched reluctance motor's fault tolerant control fortraction drives. The main purpose is to use a control technique which is able to retain the requiredspeed for various load torques at minimal torque ripple also during one opened phase operation. Thepaper focuses on the comparative study of the current hysteresis control and direct instantaneoustorque control (DITC) techniques.

	Design on Permanent Magnet Structure of Radial Flux Permanent Magnet Generator for Cogging Torque Reduction and Low Torque Ripple By Gyeong Chan LEE, SEUNG-HAN KAM, TAE-UK JUNG	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Cogging torque is important factor of a permanent magnet generator because cogging torque affects cut-in wind speed and produces torque ripple, mechanical vibration and noise on wind turbine. In this paper, the design for cogging torque reduction and low torque ripple of outer rotor radial flux permanent magnet generator has been proposed. To reduce cogging torque and torque ripple, pole arc ratio and permanent magnet structure was designed.

	Effect of Coercieve Force and Characteristics of a Pole Changing Permanent Magnet Motor for Variable-Speed Drive By Kazuto SAKAI	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Energy savings in electrical appliances and electric vehicles can be realized by reducing the power consumption of motors operating for variable-speed drive. In order to reduce the energy consumption of such electrical devices, flux-weakening currents are used to reduce the voltage at high rotational speeds, which leads to significant copper and core losses. To counter this problem, we have developed a new technique that changes the number of poles in a permanent magnet (PM) motor based on the rotational speed. Therefore, we have proposed a PM motor that can vary its electrical machine constants to obtain high efficiency and an extensive rotational speed range. Herein, we describe the structure, pole changing magnetization mechanism, and basic characteristics of a novel pole changing PM motor, and present various characteristics of the motor over a wide rotational speed range. Furthermore, we also discuss the effect on the motor of the coercive force of the variable magnetized permanent magnet. The results of our study show that the proposed motor reduces core loss by about 50\%, doubles the rotational speed range of the motor, and demonstrates high efficiency over a wide rotational speed range.

	Electro-Static Machine Design Considerations for Outer-space Applications By WEN OUYANG	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper describes the general designconsiderations and analysis for an industrial size electro-static(ES) motor/generator. The operation fundamentals, combinedwith FE (Finite Element) analysis are discussed with the targetoperation in the outer space or vacuumed environment. Thetorque production and limitations with high voltage electric fieldare analyzed and compared with conventional frame size electricmachines.

	Energy saving by hybridization of a city bus By Paula IMMONEN, Pia LINDH, Hanna NIEMELÄ, Juha PYRHÖNEN, Simo SINKKO, Marko KASURINEN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Energy efficiencies of different hybrid systems are investigated in an urban bus cycle. A diesel bus isconverted into a multihybrid bus also capable of operating in a direct diesel drive. The target is toinvestigate which kind of a hybrid system provides the lowest fuel consumption in different operatingconditions.

	Experimental determination of stator winding failure behavior By Martin VAN DER GEEST, Henk POLINDER, Braham FERREIRA	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In the design of fault-tolerant or fail-safe systems, detailed knowledge of potential failure processes is required. One failure mode in electrical machines is an inter-turn, or turn-to-turn short-circuit, which can cause very large local heating and subsequently, progression of the fault. This paper experimentally determines the failure process and mode of enameled wire coils after occurrence of an initial fault. Step currents are applied to dummy coils and the failure process is monitored. Various current levels are applied to single and three layer coils. The results demonstrate a high repeatability between identical tests; a calibrated adiabatic model can predict the time-to-failure. Stepwise changes in the terminal resistance indicate that failure of individual turns occurs and can be distinguished. Lastly, the results prove that that multilayer coils can sustain larger total currents due to formation between the layers.

	FPGA-based Real-Time Simulation of a Dual Three-Phase Induction Machine By Raúl GREGOR, Guido VALENZANO, José RODRÍGUEZ, Jorge RODAS	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a digital hardware implementation of a real-time simulator for a Multiphase Drive using a FPGA environment. The simulator was developed using VHDL, with a modular and hierarchical design, making it flexible and portable. A state-space representation model suitable for FPGA implementation has been proposed for the DTPIM. The DTPIM model is computed at a fixed time-step of 10 us. The simulator also models a 2-level 12-pulse IGBT based VSC, a PWM scheme and a measurement system. Real-time simulation results outputs (stator currents and rotor speed) has been validated under steady-state and transient conditions using as reference an experimental test bench based on a DTPIM of 15 kW rated power. The results demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of a digital hardware implementation.

	Improvement of FSPM's Behaviour Through Geometry Adjustments By Karel HRUSKA, Pavel SVETLIK	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The paper deals with improvement of flux-switching permanent magnet machine's characteristics through geometrical adjustments of its magnetic circuit. These modifications include changes of shapes of both rotor and stator parts. Their effect on machine's torque and induced-back electromotive force is studied. A comparison of obtained results shows possible future way of further optimisations and building of a prototype.

	Modeling and Control of Transverse Flux Reluctance Machines By Jan KLÖCK, Walter SCHUMACHER	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a lumped parameter model describing the electromagnetic behavior of Transverse Flux Reluctance Machines. Current dynamics and torque generation are obtained utilizing varying magnetic conductivities of the air gap along the rotor perimeter. The model parameters are identified experimentally using a high accuracy current control for sinusoidal reference currents. A low torque ripplemode of operation is proposed.

	Optimization Methodology for Synchronous Reluctance Motor by Finite Element Method By DANY PRIETO, ALEJANDRO FERNANDEZ, PHILIPPE DESSANTE, JEAN-CLAUDE VANNIER, XAVIER JANNOT, JACQUES SAINT-MICHEL	[View] [Download]
Abstract: An easy optimization methodology for design of permanent magnet synchronous motors is presented. The analyzed structure is a permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMA-SRM). For a motor design optimization the parameters are the geometric and electrical magnitudes. The proposed method of optimization is divided into two parts: global optimization (geometric parameters) and local optimization (electrical optimization). The main objective is to minimize the motor cost. The performance computations are made with Finite Element Method. Finally, the method is used to compare the motors for two types of permanent magnets (NdFeB and Ferrite).

	Possible Manufacturing Tolerance Faults in Design and Construction of Low Speed Slotless Permanent Magnet Generator By Toomas VAIMANN, Ants KALLASTE, Anouar BELAHCEN, Aleksander KILK	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper describes manufacturing tolerance faults that may occur during the design of electricalmachines. Examples of the manufacturing tolerances are based on the design and construction processof a slotless permanent magnet wind generator. Experiments are carried out on the reference machine.

	The Acoustic Impact of Rotor Eccentricity in Switched Reluctance Machines By Andreas HOFMANN, Fang QI, Claude WEISS, Rik DE DONCKER	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The cost-efficient switched reluctance machine is highly appealing to the automotive industry. In this application acoustic noise is a crucial criterion, which is usually addressed during the design process. However, parasitic effects, such as rotor eccentricity, are normally not a design target but only a finding during the test of the prototype. This paper deduces a theory that mathematically describes the effect of static and rotating eccentricity. A 2D Fourier series in space and time was used to investigate the impact of an asymmetric force excitation. The theory was verified by means of a measured spectrogram of a small laboratory machine. Afterwards, the theory was applied to investigate the acoustic behavior of an automotive-size switched reluctance machine with rotor eccentricity. The theory proved effective and is ready-to-use to foresee potential acoustic problems already during the design of future switched reluctance machines.

	Torque Ripple Reduction Methods for an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator By Poopak ROSHANFEKR FARD, Sonja LUNDMARK, Torbjörn THIRINGER, Mikael ALATALO	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This article presents the effect of different torque ripple reduction methods on the average torque and back-emf harmonics. Two methods are compared. One is skewing the stator of the machine and the other method is using a fractional slot winding for the machine. It has been shown that both methods reduce the torque ripple of the IPMSM by 70\% while the impact on the average torque is ignorable. The back-emf harmonics will be also reduced.