| EPE-PEMC 2004 - Topic 03-2: Converter control, current/voltage control |
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 | A Co-Simulation Environment For The Test And The Validation Of Digital Control Strategy On A Mixed DSP/FPGA Architecture
By G. Gateau, R. Ruelland, M. Aime | [View]
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Abstract: The digital control in power electronics is used
very frequently and makes it possible to obtain a very high
flexibility compared to analogical solutions. Digital technology
also brings to us a good precision as well as an excellent
reliability. The severe time constraints expressed for the control
of power converters lead us logically towards an digital
architecture based on an association between a DSP and a
FPGA. The DSP in this association is dedicated to numerical
calculations, the diagnosis and also to the monitoring of the
system. The FPGA will be used for all the tasks requiring a
short treatment and latency time. The digital designer must then
be able to use his expertise to distribute the different tasks of the
control on this mixed architecture before considering the
implementation on the real system.
A new and important stage appears then in the development
of the digital control strategy, it is the simulation of the whole
digital system by taking into account the selected architecture as
well as the allocation of the tasks on the architecture. This stage
is called Co-simulation and makes it possible to simulate in the
same environment the part integrated on the FPGA and the
code carried out on the DSP. In addition, co-simulation step
makes it possible to test the interactions between the digital parts
of the control system and a simulation of the real system. Thus
we obtain the concept of virtual prototyping where the power
converter and the digital part of the control are simulated
together, each one using the finest possible representation.
Many techniques of Co-simulation exists and we chose a
technique known as multi-language which consists in
interfacing various dedicated simulators. Thus at the present
time, we use a simulator of microprocessor for the DSP part
written in C language and a VHDL simulator (ModelSim™)
which enables us to simulate the code established in the FPGA
after placement and routing on the component (integration of
the propagation times and structure of the component). We also
used the SABER™ simulator which enables us to simulate our
power electronic part.
In this article, we will present in a first part the tool of Cosimulation
developed in our laboratory made up of two main
simulators which are ModelSim™ for VHDL and SABER™ for
power electronics parts. We will describe then the development
of two applications of control of multilevel converters. The first
application will relate to the development and the integration in
a FPGA of the control of a multicell converter with different
solution for the partitioning. In the second time, we will present
the development and the integration of a control strategy in
current mode dedicated to a multilevel converter. These two
applications have used Co-simulation stage during their
development and we will present for the last application some
experimental results.
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| | A New Control Technique For DC-DC Converters Operating In Discontinuous Conduction Mode
By M. Ferdowsi, A. Emadi, M. Telefus, C. Davis | [View]
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Abstract: Pulse Regulation, a fixed frequency control technique,
is introduced and applied to buck, boost and buck-boost
converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM).
The control parameters are designed in a way that the converter
operates as close as possible to the critical conduction mode. In
contrast to the conventional pulse width modulation (PWM)
control scheme, the principal idea of Pulse Regulation is to
achieve output voltage regulation using high and low power
pulses. Pulse Regulation is simple, cost effective, and enjoys a
fast dynamic response. In this paper, main mathematical
concept of the new control algorithm is introduced and
simulations as well as experimental results are presented.
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| | Active Filtering Function Of Three-Phase PWM Boost Rectifier
By M. Cichowlas, M. Malinowski, M. P. Kazmierkowski | [View]
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Abstract: Slight hardware and algorithm modification as well
as higher power ratio of 3-phase PWM rectifier make
compensation of neighboring non-linear power load possible.
The active filtering function (AFF) enlarges functionality of
PWM Rectifiers, what decrease cost of additional installation of
compensating equipment. It gives a chance to fulfill both Shunt
Active Filter (SAF) and PWM rectifier task in multi-drive
system by one advanced converter. Thanks to idea of Virtual
Flux (VF), Direct Power Control Space Vector Modulated
(DPC-SVM) control system is resistive for a harmonics of line
voltages. Simulation and experimental results have proven
excellent performances and verify the validity of the proposed
system.
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| | Advanced Control Principle Of Single Phase Voltage Source Inverter
By Yonghua Cheng, Philippe Lataire | [View]
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Abstract: The main concerns in the integrated applications of the fundamental components control and harmonics compensation are that a good operation condition and a fast response of the inverter should be ensured. The idea of single phase measurements to complex vector conversion has been carried out which easily sets up a linearised model of the nonlinear system in an unbalanced power system. The control principle of single phase dual coupled VSI (voltage source inverter) was based on this idea and the function of harmonics compensation was integrated in it. Our prototype system had quick response in the experiment of dynamic voltage restoration on the weak distribution networks. High cost efficiency and high power quality can be achieved.
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| | Auto-Disturbance Rejection Control And Its Application To DC-DC Converters
By Li Qiao, Wu Jie | [View]
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Abstract: A new type of nonlinear PID control method--autodisturbance
rejection control (ADRC) applied in DC-DC
converter is proposed in this paper. The control theory and the
structure of ADRC are presented, the simulation and
experimental results of its control effects when applied to Buck-
Boost DC-DC converter are also given. By precise MATLAB
simulations and experiment with the parameters perturbation of
Buck-Boost model and the extraneous disturbance, it proves that
ADRC controller can result in good effects such as strong
robustness, stability and adaptability when applied to the DC-DC
converters. ADRC not only overcomes the disadvantages of the
conventional PID, but also remains its advantages of the simple
structure and strong robustness. It is demonstrated that ADRC
is an effective control method and it has a promising future in
the control for nonlinear system and unstable plant.
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| | Continuous Synchronous Pulsewidth Modulation With Improved Computing Effectiveness
By Valentin Oleschuk, Vasilii Ermuratski, Eduard M. Chekhet | [View]
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Abstract: This paper describes in details the basic peculiarities
of a new method of feedforward synchronous pulsewidth
modulation (PWM) of three-phase voltage source inverters for
adjustable speed ac drives. It is applied to a continuous scheme
of voltage space vector modulation. Accurate trigonometric
algorithms of vector PWM have been analysed, and also
compared with the algebraic ones based on linear
approximation of the typical function of durations of active
switching states from their position inside the clock-intervals. To
provide smooth shock-less pulses-ratio changing and quarterwave
symmetry of the voltage waveforms, special synchronising
signals are formed on the boundaries of the 600 clock-intervals.
The process of gradual transition from continuous to
discontinuous synchronous PWM at higher value of the
fundamental frequency has also been described. Special
attention has been given to analysis and comparison of
computational effectiveness of the proposed algorithms of
synchronised modulation.
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| | Control Characteristics Of A Buck Converter With A Hysteretic PWM Controller
By Takashi Nabeshima, Terukazu Sato, Shinichi Yoshida, Shin Chiba, Kenichi Onda | [View]
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Abstract: This paper presents control characteristics of a buck
converter with a hysteretic PWM controller consists only of a
comparator having a hysteresis. By the examinations of the
dynamic characteristics of the converter both in the time domain
and the frequency domain, the relationship between the dynamic
performance and the time constant of the RC network connected
to the inductor are clarified. In addition, a simple compensation
circuit to improve the steady-state error and the settling time
of the transient responses is proposed without employing any
active devices.
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| | EMI Filter Issues On Stability And Performce Of Switched-Mode Converters
By Teuvo Suntio, Tauno Tepsa, Konstantin Kostov, Jorma Kyyrae | [View]
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Abstract: The requirements for the electromagnetic noise
interference (EMI) suppression are stringent necessitating the
use of input filters in switched-mode converters. The EMI filter
may affect adversely the stability and performance of the
associated converter. The methods for EMI filter design have
been laid down in early seventies but not fully understood
among the practicing engineers and scholars. This paper will
provide a general formalism to analyze the EMI filter
interactions based on two-port modeling technique. It is shown
that the behavior of the open-loop input impedance, and the
input-to-output transfer function would provide the
explanations for the differences in the interactions within
different converters.
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| | FPGA Implementation By Modular Design Reuse Mode To Optimize Hardware Architecture And Performance Of AC Motor Controller Algorithm
By Yves-Andre Chapuis, Jean-Philippe Blonde, Francis Braun | [View]
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Abstract: Nowadays it is natural to consider VLSI technologies
and particularly FPGA components in field of electrical system
instead of/associated with software solutions (microprocessor,
DSP). However, hardware development still requires significant
contribution of the designer. The authors of this article propose
a modular methodology to guide the designer all along the
hardware design flow. This methodology, based on modular
mode and Data Flow Graph (DFG) representation, is very
convenient for designer. An example of a FPGA implementation
is studied in case of a controlled ac motor. This example allows
to prove how significant is the modular architecture in terms of
hardware amount and processing time optimization. It
demonstrated also improvement in case of design time to market
and control performance by reuse mode.
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| | FPGA Implementation Of An Iterative Algorithm For Time Optimal Control Of AC Drives
By S. Bolognani, M. Ceschia, M. Tomasini, L. Tubiana, M. Zigliotto | [View]
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Abstract: In modern high dynamic applications the acceleration
performances of the permanent magnet synchronous motor
(PMSM) drives are limited by the torque control, which delivers
the required variations of current amplitudes in the stator
inductive phases. In principle, time optimal control (TOC) of
stator currents assures the fastest transients, within the
boundaries imposed by the voltage inverter and the thermal limits.
Nevertheless, the time optimal control implementation for a
PMSM drive lacks of a closed form solution. A transcendental set
of equations has to be solved to get the suitable voltage references.
The computational load is excessive, at least for the digital signal
processors (DSPs) presently used in electric drives. The proposed
work shows how a field programmable gate array (FPGA) can be
profitably used to implement the time-critical part of the
sophisticated TOC algorithm, as a bright example of the new
possibilities of hardware/software integration in embedded control
systems.
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| | FPGA Implementation Of The Reconfigurable Control System For AC Drives Fed By Tandem Converter
By J. Vasarhelyi(hu), M. Imecs(ro), Cs. Szabo(ro), I. I. Incze(ro), T. Adam(hu), | [View]
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Abstract: The paper focuses on the implementation in Field
Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) of vector control systems of
the induction motor supplied from the tandem (hybrid) staticfrequency
converter. Reconfigurable control structure ensures
different strategies for operating modes with non-failed and
partial-failed converter. The reconfiguration process introduces
perturbations in the vector controlled AC drives. The paper tries
to give a synthesis of the tandem vector control structure
implementation. Problems related to hardware implementation
of the transition from a control structure to another are
discussed.
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| | Generating Of Modulating Functions In Direct Frequency Converter PWM Control System
By R. T. Shreiner, V. K. Krivovyaz, A. I. Kalygin | [View]
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Abstract: The paper is dedicated to the control of the matrix and
two-stage direct frequency converter (DFC). A problem of the
modulating functions determination, pulse-width approximation
of which gives the required output voltages and network power
factor, is the focus of attention. This problem has a multivariant
solution, affecting on harmonic components of network and load
currents. The results of the carried out mathematical analysis,
computer simulation and experiment of the DFC operating with
coordinate pulse-width modulation, driving an induction motor
are presented.
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| | Improving Perturbation Rejection Of VSCS Connected To The Grid Through A LCl-Filter
By Emilio J. Bueno, Felipe Espinosa, Francisco J. Rodriquez, S. Cobreces | [View]
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Abstract: The aim of this paper is to propose a solution set to
improve the converter behaviour for the system perturbations. A
current controller of VSCs connected to the grid through an
LCL-filter is presented. The proposed algorithm controls the
grid current using only two sensor sets. Other variables are
obtained with a state estimator, and the possible disturbances of
the system are attenuated with active damping. Besides, other
algorithms complementary to the current controller are
presented. The control algorithms have been tested by
simulation for different disturbances, such as temporal
variations in the components of the model and perturbations in
the grid, and also with linear and non-linear models of the
converter.
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| | Inverter Switching Loss Of Sinusoidal-Field Permanent Magnet Synchronous Drive At Different Current Control Methods
By Dezso Bakos, Istvan Schmidt, Karoly Veszpremi | [View]
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Abstract: The losses of an inverter-fed sinusoidal-field synchronous
servo drive at a given load and speed depend on the
improvement of the material and construction of the machine,
the converter topology, the characteristics of semiconductor
power switches, the drive control system and the inverter control
(modulation) algorithm. Significant component of overall drive
losses are the switching losses of voltage source inverters. Based
on MATLAB-simulation result the switching losses of different
inverter control methods are compared in steady-state at different
load torque and various rotor speeds. Hysteresis, spacevector,
predictive current control and vector sliding mode control
methods were examined, compared and simulated. It is shown
that the carrier based PWM control produces lower switching
losses than other investigated control, but for higher speed the
predictive and the vector sliding mode control methods approach
PWM switching losses. It also turns out that switching losses
less depend on the load of the motor. According to an other
investigation very similar results are known for induction motor
drives.
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| | Methods For Testing Tableless DTC Implementation In FPGA
By Kimmo Rauma, Ossi Laakkonen, Julius Luukko, Olli Pyrhoenen | [View]
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Abstract: Modern programmable logic circuits can be used when implementing drive control systems. Very fast arithmetic operations are possible instead of only the logic decisions. New testing methods for tableless direct torque control (TDTC) drive control algorithm in modern FPGA were developed and used. In this paper three steps to develop a drive system control in FPGA are presented. Firstly the idea is tested in Simulink1,TM with HDL-library, next the design is implemented on the used FPGA circuit and tested with dSPACETM in real time. Finally the design can be tested in real motor drive.
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| | Optimized DC-To-AC Power Inverter For Power Grid Operation
By K. H. Edelmoser, F. A. Himmelstoss | [View]
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Abstract: State-of-the-art power inverters used in mains
coupled applications mostly struggle with the problem of the
hard switched PWM power stage operating at high DC-link
voltages [1,2]. Also soft switching topologies do not satisfy on all
accounts. In this paper the combination of simple boost- and
buck converter stages makes it possible to realize an optimal
design for power grid coupled inverters. The reduced voltage
stress of each stage can lead to a significant improvement of the
system losses. Furthermore, it is shown that a revised method of
energy storage in the ‘weak’ DC-link can be used to smooth the
input current. Sharing of the energy flow in each power stage
can also lead to reduce losses. The topology presented here
shows a remarkable improvement of the switching losses and
significantly reduced EMC. It is well suited for solar power and
battery powered inverter applications.
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| | PWM Boost Type Converter Connected To The Grid
By Milijana Odavic, Sasa Sladic, Zeljko Jakopovic | [View]
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Abstract: This paper analyses impact of a boost three-phase
PWM voltage source converter to the grid. By proper control
strategy, it can be achieved unity power factor and nearly
sinusoidal currents on the ac side of a converter. This type of a
converter can operate as a rectifier as well as an inverter
depending of the connected load. The active and reactive power
can be fully controlled by controlling the magnitude and phase
of converter voltage on the ac side of a converter. To achieve all
of these benefits, a PWM boost type converter must operate in
an advanced closed control loop. Voltage oriented control
(VOC) with inner current control loop is implemented on
DSpace platform and the whole algorithm is modelled in
MATLAB/SIMULINK. Results with symmetrical SPWM
modulator are presented.
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| | Realization Of A Library Of FPGA Reconfigurable IP-Core Functions For The Control Of Electrical Systems
By M-W. Naouar, L. Charaabi, E. Monmasson, I. Slama-Belkhodja | [View]
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Abstract: The performances of the Field Programmable Gate
Array (FPGA) increase continually, thus in many applications
they are used as concurrently substitute to DSPs and
microcontrollers. The aim of this work is to present the different
steps of the development of efficient IP-Core control functions
dedicated to FPGAs. This development rigorously follows, from
the initial specification to the final hardware implementation, an
appropriate design methodology that offers considerable
hardware design advantages. In order to illustrate the efficiency
of this methodology, this paper presents the FPGA realization of
IP-Core functions for PI Controller and Field Oriented Control
(FOC) estimator. They have been designed as simple as possible
and having in mind a system-on-a-chip solution (SoC).
Simulation and experimental results are given to verify the
implemented models.
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| | SEPP-ZVS High Frequency Inverter Incorporating An Auxiliary Switch For Induction Heating Applications
By Hiroyuki Ogiwara, Takuya Sugai, Misao Itoi, Mutsuo Nakaoka | [View]
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Abstract: This paper presents a novel circuit topology to attain
ZVS operation of a high frequency inverter over a wide
regulation range of its output power for induction heating
applications. It is performed by connecting an auxiliary switch
to the conventional single ended push-pull (SEPP) high
frequency inverter. A switching current is introduced into the
main switches via the auxiliary switch for its ZVS operation only
during the short interval between its turn-on and off times.
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| | Simple Topology And Current Control For Fast AC/DC Converter With Unity Power Factor.
By Jean-Claude Le Claire, Abdou Radouane, Nicolas Ginot, Remy Moreau | [View]
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Abstract: This paper describes a PFC of an AC/DC power
converter involving a simple rectifier topology and a fast input
current controller. Due to the accurate current tracking, we
target a nearly unity power factor even if a simple DC voltage
control is involved in. Results demonstrate the good behaviour
of the converter.
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| | Sliding Mode Control Of Parallel Active Filters Associated With Multilevel Space Vector Based Controllers
By J-P Gaubert, J. Bosche, G. Champenois | [View]
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Abstract: In this paper a novel control scheme in voltage source
inverters for active filters which associates a sliding mode
control with multilevel space vector based controllers is
proposed. Its aim is to distinctly reduce average switching
frequency by applying space vector based multilevel dimensional
hysteresis controllers. A complete modelling of the system is
achieved. Its characteristics and operating mode are discussed
and compared to classic sliding mode control with two level
hysteresis output. Complete simulation of the system validates
efficiency of this control law.
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