EPE Association: EPE 2013 - DS2i: Road Vehicles: On-board Energy Management, Charging infrastructure, Modelling and Simulation

EPE 2013 - DS2i: Road Vehicles: On-board Energy Management, Charging infrastructure, Modelling and Simulation
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2013 ECCE Europe - Conference > EPE 2013 - Topic 18: Electrical systems in road vehicles > EPE 2013 - DS2i: Road Vehicles: On-board Energy Management, Charging infrastructure, Modelling and Simulation

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   A Comparative Study between Causal and Non-causal Algorithms for the Energy Management of Hybrid Storage Systems
By Claudio PINTO, Ricardo CASTRO, Rui ARAUJO [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper presents a comparative study between two non-causal algorithms for the energy management problem of electric vehicles, endowed with batteries and supercapacitors(SCs). Toward that goal, an optimization-based energy problem is formulated, which targets the minimization of the source's energy losses throughout a given driving cycle. This problem is solved, firstly, with the help of a fast (but locally optimal) non-linear programming solver; and, secondly, with a slow, but globally optimal, dynamic programming (DP) approach. Simulation results will demonstrate that, despite the different theoretical properties associated with these two solver approaches, both generate similar solutions. In the second part of the work, we will develop a filter-based energy management algorithm, i.e., employ batteries to provide the low-frequency content of the power demand, while SCs cover the high-frequency demand. Our approach builds on the idea of adapting the filter's time constant throughout the vehicle's journey, using, for that purpose, a fuzzy logic algorithm and the information of the state of the vehicle. In comparison with the traditional fixed time-constant approach, the simulation results show that under some conditions the adaptive time-constant algorithm has the potential to reduce the energy losses of the sources by up to 62\%.

   A Recovery-diode Model for Analyzing EMC of an On-board Power Supply
By Tetsuya KAWASHIMA, Ayumu HATANAKA, Akira MISHIMA [View]
[Download]

Abstract: An analysis technique for electromagnetic compatibility with recovery-diode model is proposed. The accuracy of the recovery-diode model is evaluated by comparison with measurement. Electromagnetic noise caused by the reverse recovery of the diode was predicted by the model, and countermeasures were implemented on the basis of the model’s predictions.

   Advanced Preprocessing and Correction-Methods for automated Generation of FPGA-based Simulation of Power Electronics
By Axel KIFFE, Willi RIEDIGER, Thomas SCHULTE [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Power electronic devices are important in almost all industrial sectors. Power converters are used forelectric drive systems in the production of an automation industry, in the automotive industry, aspower supplies in telecommunications or for power conversion in power supply systems. For testingsuch electronic equipment, hardware-in-the-loop simulation is almost a standard method today,especially in the automotive industry, which always requires a real-time simulation of the plant. Fortesting the electronic control units of power electronics, real-time capable models of power electroniccircuits need to be developed, accordingly. In the previously published contribution differentmodeling methods were described and an algorithm was developed, which can be used to simulatepower electronic circuits in real-time. Based on this algorithm and the automated generation of suchmodels, further improvements for reducing the memory usage, increasing the degree ofparallelization and improving accuracy are described in this paper. However, the presented approachesand modifications as well as the studies on correction methods for switching events and thepreprocessing can be applied to other algorithms.

   Assessment of impact of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles on distribution networks
By Roberto VILLAFAFILA-ROBLES, Francesc GIRBAU-LLISTUELLA, Pol OLIVELLA-ROSELL, Antoni SUDRIA-ANDREU, Joan BERGAS-JANE [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Charging infrastructure for electric vehicles can impact significantly on distribution systems. Normal charging will be the usual way while fast charging has to be considered as a complement to this. Both charging processes represent a new load for distribution networks. The effect of both normal and fast charging are assesses. Management strategies are proposed for reducing the impact and the results are presented.

   COMPARISON OF MULTIPHASE VERSUS MULTILEVEL DC/DC-CONVERTERS FOR AUTOMOTIVE POWER
By Michael GLEISSNER, Mark-Matthias BAKRAN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Further automotive efficiency improvements require higher voltage levels than 14V for electric energy generation and distribution. As long as not all electric consumers can be adapted to the higher voltagelevel, DC/DC-converters link automotive power nets with different voltages. For low voltage converterswithout galvanic isolation mostly multiphase DC/DC-converters with coupled or uncoupled inductors areproposed due to their high power density. Multilevel architectures like the Flying Capacitor MultilevelDC/DC-Converter offer similar benefits and it will be shown that they need a smaller inductor size andprovide better fault behaviour for short-on-failure switches. Efficiency is similar despite serial connectedswitches. This paper compares the two architectures regarding component count, control, size, faulttolerance and efficiency.

   Dimensioning of Ultra Capacitors used for Range Extension in Electric Vehicles
By Tobias HEIDRICH, Thomas SZALAI, Ulf SCHWALBE, Fabian ENDERT [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Electric vehicles (EV) require energy storage with high power and high energy-density. A hybrid-storage-system combining battery (high energy density) and ultra-capacitor (high power density) to supply a motor is logical. This paper will present an efficient way of dimensioning the ultra-capacitor of this system. The optimal size is determined by applying real driving cycles to a dynamics simulation. The dynamics model used for the simulation is explained and the results for different driving cycles are presented. In addition a lifetime estimation for the ultra-capacitor (UC) using available datasheets is performed with the same simulation.

   Experimental Verification and Analysis of AC-DC Converter with an Input Impedance Matching for Wireless Power Transfer Systems
By Keisuke KUSAKA, Jun-ichi ITOH [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper discusses the performance of an AC-DC converter which converts power from 13.56-MHz AC to DC in a receiving side of wireless power transfer systems. The wireless power transfer systems are required to operate in high-frequency such as 13.56 MHz in order to achieve a high power density of transmission coils. Thus the AC-DC converter in the receiving side is demanded to operate at high-frequency. In such high-frequency region, the reflected power occurs when the input impedance is not matched to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. In other words, the input impedance of the AC-DC converter needs to have the same impedance to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. In order to overcome the problem, the AC-DC converter with an input impedance matching is proposed in this paper.The proposed AD-DC converter achieves the input impedance matching with a simple circuit configuration. It means that the converter can obtain sinusoidal input current and unity input power factor without a high-frequency switching except the diodes. In this paper, the impedance matching characteristics and the analysis of the operational modes of the proposed circuit are presented. The experimental results confirmed that the proposed converter enables a conversion from 13.56-MHz AC to DC with the sinusoidal input current. In this operation condition, the input impedance is 29.6 + j0.51 Ohm. Because the design value of the input impedance is 50 + j0 Ohm, there is a non-negligible error on the real part. This is attributed to the parasitic capacitances on the diodes. In order to solve this problem, an improved AC-DC converter is proposed newly. From experimental results, it achieves the input impedance of 52.7 – j0.02 Ohm. Besides, the reflection coefficient is suppressed by up to 94.5\% compared with that of the conventional capacitor input-type diode bridge rectifier (CI-DBR).

   Feasibility Study for Thermal Conductivity Simulation by Coupling between Admittance Matrix Method and Finite Elemental Method
By Kiyomi YOSHINARI, Kanazawa TAKURO, Akira MISHIMA [View]
[Download]

Abstract: We developed a new method of coupling the finite elemental method (FEM) with the admittance matrix method to simulate the thermal conductivity of large-scale power electronics systems. The feasibility of this method was confirmed from the simulation results that showed the temperature changes differing by 6.5\% from those obtained by using the conventional FEM. The accuracy was improved more so that it can be used even if the Y region is divided into several Y blocks. The FEM-Y matrix coupling method also proved to be effective for ensuring there was less calculation time compared to that for the conventional FEM. The FEM-Y matrix coupling method was confirmed to reduce the calculation time by 48\% or more when compared to the conventional FEM, based on the number of times the thermal conductivity analysis is iterated.

   FPGA-based Switched Reluctance Motor Drive and DC-DC Converter Models for High-Bandwidth HIL Real-Time Simulator
By Christian DUFOUR, Sebastien CENSE, Jean BELANGER [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In this paper, we describe an FPGA implementation of a Switched Reluctance Motor Drive (SRM) and an H-bridge Buck-Boost converter targeted for Hardware-In-the Loop (HIL) testing of modern SRM controllers. With sample times near 100 nanoseconds, these FPGA models allow the HIL simulation of SRM drive and boost converter with switching frequencies in the 50-100 kHz range because of the very high sampling rate of the FPGA. The models are also integrated into the RT-LAB real-time environment and directly linked with the simulator I/Os, providing ultra-low HIL gate-in-to-current-out latency, suitable for testing modern motor controllers.

   Lithium-Ion state of charge observer with open circuit voltage hysteresis model
By Laurent GAGNEUR, Christophe FORGEZ, Ana Lucia DRIEMEYER FRANCO [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper deals with a state of charge (SOC) observer for a lithium ion battery, based on a Kalman filter and on the main electrochemical phenomena modeling. In this paper, a method to consider the hysteresis phenomenon on the Open Circuit Voltage has been developed and included into a SOC observer.

   Measurement of Braking Energy Recuperation in Electric Vehicles
By Philipp SPICHARTZ, Constantinos SOURKOUNIS [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The low cruising range of full electric vehicles retards the triumph of electric mobility. An optimalbraking energy recovery can help to enlarge the range. For this paper, the recuperation energy of acurrently available electric car is measured during brake applications with different deceleration valuesand for several states of charge of the traction battery. The test results are analysed to give a referencepoint for future research and therefore to present the potential for optimization in the field of recuperationin electric vehicles.

   Operation Management of a High Power Vehicle-to-Grid Charging Station
By Philip DOST, Benedikt PRZYBYL, Constantinos SOURKOUNIS [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The successful usage of electric vehicles presupposes an efficient and reasonable way to charge thebatteries. There are obvious, significant differences to petrol stations, related to the charging time andthe energy transferred. According to the customer and operator requirements, a superordinate chargingstation controller with vehicle to grid application is described in this paper.

   Optimal Architecture of the Hybrid Source (Battery/Supercapacitor) Supplying an ElectricVehicle According to the Required Autonomy
By Redha SADOUN, Nassim RIZOUG, Patrick BARTHOLOMEUS, Philippe LE MOIGNE [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The association of more than one storage system to ensure the supplying of the hybrid and electric vehicle became more and more useful by the cars manufacturers. The asked question in this case is the optimal amount of the deferent energy sources to ensure the mission with the best lifetime. The first parameter witch influence the architecture of the hybrid storage system is the required autonomy. This paper deals with the choice of the architecture and the sizing of the hybrid source composed with battery and supercapacitor packs according to the desired autonomy. In this case, two technologies of Li-ion battery (power and energetic technologies) are associated with the supercapacitor. The obtained result about the size and the ageing of the source will be compared to that obtained using only power technology of Li-ion battery to supply the vehicle

   Power Adjustable Electric Vehicle Charger under Energy Box Purpose
By Hugo MELO, Joao Pedro TROVAO, Paulo PEREIRINHA, Humberto JORGE [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The recent developments in electric vehicles philosophy and technology requires that they be able of charging anywhere, but also be capable of delivering their storage energy back to the grid. Therefore, autonomous energy management decision support technologies such as Energy Box, have earned prominence along with the latest electric vehicles chargers developments. These technologies increase the end users and utilities benefits given the occurred energetic exchanges. Thus, in this paper a bidirectional and power adjustable charger topology is presented as well as the respective applied controllers, in order to be further governed by the Energy Box. Moreover, in order to verify the proper operation of the proposed charger and the further interaction with Energy Box, this paper presents the obtained simulation and reduced scale experimented results. These were obtained respectively trough Matlab/Simulink® and National Instruments™ environment. Projections about the monetary benefits achieved in end user perspective are also presented, being the global attained results quite promising, foreseeing a meritorious interaction between the proposed charger and any compatible autonomous decision support system for the domestic energy management.

   Using of Aqueous or Organic Supercapacitor Technology in Hybrid and Electric Vehicle
By Nassim RIZOUG, Patrick BARTHOLOMEUS, Philippe LE MOIGNE [View]
[Download]

Abstract: For hybrid and electric vehicle, high powers are needed for the acceleration, startup and recovery phases. For that, the chosen storage system must insure these high powers. The supercapacitors are powerful storage systems, which can reach more than 4,3kW/kg of specific power, and very high lifetime compared to the other storage components. Until 1957 five generations of supercapacitors are developed by the researcher in the entire world. The deference between these generations depends to the materials used for the electrode and/or the type of electrolyte solution. The use of deferent materials influences directly the behavior of the technology in term of specific power, specific energy, maximum voltage, maximum current and the lifetime. Currently, the manufacturer uses in 90\% of the cases the technology with carbon electrodes and acetonitrile like electrolyte. This technology has a high specific energy and good lifetime. On the other hand, this technology is toxic and cheaper compared to the other ones. The aqueous technology can give us the solution for this problem, because of the no-toxicity of the electrolyte and the very high power of this component. Unfortunately, this technology has low specific energy because of the voltage limitation (maximum 1V). This paper deals with the comparison between the two technologies of supercapacitors (carbon electrode + organic electrolyte and carbon electrode + aqueous electrolyte). The characterization and the variation of the ageing of the two technologies according to the number of cycles will be presented.

   Vehicle Power Flow Simulations Based on Trajectories with Inductive Charging Systems: A Case Study
By Mohamed EL BAGHDADI, Thierry COOSEMANS, Ricardo BARRERO, Omar HEGAZY, Monzer AL-SAKKA, Harold PERIK, Joeri VAN MIERLO [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This article describes the study of power flows inside an electric commuter bus with a propulsion system that is powered wirelessly while the vehicle drives along its realistic trajectory in the context of public transportation. A dedicated bus model, that has been validated, is built in Matlab/Simulink incorporating inductive powering capability. The simulation method is based primarily on a ‘backward-looking’ calculation approach. A passenger bus and different bus drive cycles are simulated considering different wireless powering strategies: basic approach, charging at bus stops, powering when the vehicle’s energy storage system reaches a low charge level. Energy impact and requirements for the different situations are investigated.

EPE 2013 - DS2i: Road Vehicles: On-board Energy Management, Charging infrastructure, Modelling and Simulation
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2013 ECCE Europe - Conference > EPE 2013 - Topic 18: Electrical systems in road vehicles > EPE 2013 - DS2i: Road Vehicles: On-board Energy Management, Charging infrastructure, Modelling and Simulation
	[return to parent folder]

	A Comparative Study between Causal and Non-causal Algorithms for the Energy Management of Hybrid Storage Systems By Claudio PINTO, Ricardo CASTRO, Rui ARAUJO	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a comparative study between two non-causal algorithms for the energy management problem of electric vehicles, endowed with batteries and supercapacitors(SCs). Toward that goal, an optimization-based energy problem is formulated, which targets the minimization of the source's energy losses throughout a given driving cycle. This problem is solved, firstly, with the help of a fast (but locally optimal) non-linear programming solver; and, secondly, with a slow, but globally optimal, dynamic programming (DP) approach. Simulation results will demonstrate that, despite the different theoretical properties associated with these two solver approaches, both generate similar solutions. In the second part of the work, we will develop a filter-based energy management algorithm, i.e., employ batteries to provide the low-frequency content of the power demand, while SCs cover the high-frequency demand. Our approach builds on the idea of adapting the filter's time constant throughout the vehicle's journey, using, for that purpose, a fuzzy logic algorithm and the information of the state of the vehicle. In comparison with the traditional fixed time-constant approach, the simulation results show that under some conditions the adaptive time-constant algorithm has the potential to reduce the energy losses of the sources by up to 62\%.

	A Recovery-diode Model for Analyzing EMC of an On-board Power Supply By Tetsuya KAWASHIMA, Ayumu HATANAKA, Akira MISHIMA	[View] [Download]
Abstract: An analysis technique for electromagnetic compatibility with recovery-diode model is proposed. The accuracy of the recovery-diode model is evaluated by comparison with measurement. Electromagnetic noise caused by the reverse recovery of the diode was predicted by the model, and countermeasures were implemented on the basis of the model’s predictions.

	Advanced Preprocessing and Correction-Methods for automated Generation of FPGA-based Simulation of Power Electronics By Axel KIFFE, Willi RIEDIGER, Thomas SCHULTE	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Power electronic devices are important in almost all industrial sectors. Power converters are used forelectric drive systems in the production of an automation industry, in the automotive industry, aspower supplies in telecommunications or for power conversion in power supply systems. For testingsuch electronic equipment, hardware-in-the-loop simulation is almost a standard method today,especially in the automotive industry, which always requires a real-time simulation of the plant. Fortesting the electronic control units of power electronics, real-time capable models of power electroniccircuits need to be developed, accordingly. In the previously published contribution differentmodeling methods were described and an algorithm was developed, which can be used to simulatepower electronic circuits in real-time. Based on this algorithm and the automated generation of suchmodels, further improvements for reducing the memory usage, increasing the degree ofparallelization and improving accuracy are described in this paper. However, the presented approachesand modifications as well as the studies on correction methods for switching events and thepreprocessing can be applied to other algorithms.

	Assessment of impact of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles on distribution networks By Roberto VILLAFAFILA-ROBLES, Francesc GIRBAU-LLISTUELLA, Pol OLIVELLA-ROSELL, Antoni SUDRIA-ANDREU, Joan BERGAS-JANE	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Charging infrastructure for electric vehicles can impact significantly on distribution systems. Normal charging will be the usual way while fast charging has to be considered as a complement to this. Both charging processes represent a new load for distribution networks. The effect of both normal and fast charging are assesses. Management strategies are proposed for reducing the impact and the results are presented.

	COMPARISON OF MULTIPHASE VERSUS MULTILEVEL DC/DC-CONVERTERS FOR AUTOMOTIVE POWER By Michael GLEISSNER, Mark-Matthias BAKRAN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Further automotive efficiency improvements require higher voltage levels than 14V for electric energy generation and distribution. As long as not all electric consumers can be adapted to the higher voltagelevel, DC/DC-converters link automotive power nets with different voltages. For low voltage converterswithout galvanic isolation mostly multiphase DC/DC-converters with coupled or uncoupled inductors areproposed due to their high power density. Multilevel architectures like the Flying Capacitor MultilevelDC/DC-Converter offer similar benefits and it will be shown that they need a smaller inductor size andprovide better fault behaviour for short-on-failure switches. Efficiency is similar despite serial connectedswitches. This paper compares the two architectures regarding component count, control, size, faulttolerance and efficiency.

	Dimensioning of Ultra Capacitors used for Range Extension in Electric Vehicles By Tobias HEIDRICH, Thomas SZALAI, Ulf SCHWALBE, Fabian ENDERT	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Electric vehicles (EV) require energy storage with high power and high energy-density. A hybrid-storage-system combining battery (high energy density) and ultra-capacitor (high power density) to supply a motor is logical. This paper will present an efficient way of dimensioning the ultra-capacitor of this system. The optimal size is determined by applying real driving cycles to a dynamics simulation. The dynamics model used for the simulation is explained and the results for different driving cycles are presented. In addition a lifetime estimation for the ultra-capacitor (UC) using available datasheets is performed with the same simulation.

	Experimental Verification and Analysis of AC-DC Converter with an Input Impedance Matching for Wireless Power Transfer Systems By Keisuke KUSAKA, Jun-ichi ITOH	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper discusses the performance of an AC-DC converter which converts power from 13.56-MHz AC to DC in a receiving side of wireless power transfer systems. The wireless power transfer systems are required to operate in high-frequency such as 13.56 MHz in order to achieve a high power density of transmission coils. Thus the AC-DC converter in the receiving side is demanded to operate at high-frequency. In such high-frequency region, the reflected power occurs when the input impedance is not matched to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. In other words, the input impedance of the AC-DC converter needs to have the same impedance to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. In order to overcome the problem, the AC-DC converter with an input impedance matching is proposed in this paper.The proposed AD-DC converter achieves the input impedance matching with a simple circuit configuration. It means that the converter can obtain sinusoidal input current and unity input power factor without a high-frequency switching except the diodes. In this paper, the impedance matching characteristics and the analysis of the operational modes of the proposed circuit are presented. The experimental results confirmed that the proposed converter enables a conversion from 13.56-MHz AC to DC with the sinusoidal input current. In this operation condition, the input impedance is 29.6 + j0.51 Ohm. Because the design value of the input impedance is 50 + j0 Ohm, there is a non-negligible error on the real part. This is attributed to the parasitic capacitances on the diodes. In order to solve this problem, an improved AC-DC converter is proposed newly. From experimental results, it achieves the input impedance of 52.7 – j0.02 Ohm. Besides, the reflection coefficient is suppressed by up to 94.5\% compared with that of the conventional capacitor input-type diode bridge rectifier (CI-DBR).

	Feasibility Study for Thermal Conductivity Simulation by Coupling between Admittance Matrix Method and Finite Elemental Method By Kiyomi YOSHINARI, Kanazawa TAKURO, Akira MISHIMA	[View] [Download]
Abstract: We developed a new method of coupling the finite elemental method (FEM) with the admittance matrix method to simulate the thermal conductivity of large-scale power electronics systems. The feasibility of this method was confirmed from the simulation results that showed the temperature changes differing by 6.5\% from those obtained by using the conventional FEM. The accuracy was improved more so that it can be used even if the Y region is divided into several Y blocks. The FEM-Y matrix coupling method also proved to be effective for ensuring there was less calculation time compared to that for the conventional FEM. The FEM-Y matrix coupling method was confirmed to reduce the calculation time by 48\% or more when compared to the conventional FEM, based on the number of times the thermal conductivity analysis is iterated.

	FPGA-based Switched Reluctance Motor Drive and DC-DC Converter Models for High-Bandwidth HIL Real-Time Simulator By Christian DUFOUR, Sebastien CENSE, Jean BELANGER	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In this paper, we describe an FPGA implementation of a Switched Reluctance Motor Drive (SRM) and an H-bridge Buck-Boost converter targeted for Hardware-In-the Loop (HIL) testing of modern SRM controllers. With sample times near 100 nanoseconds, these FPGA models allow the HIL simulation of SRM drive and boost converter with switching frequencies in the 50-100 kHz range because of the very high sampling rate of the FPGA. The models are also integrated into the RT-LAB real-time environment and directly linked with the simulator I/Os, providing ultra-low HIL gate-in-to-current-out latency, suitable for testing modern motor controllers.

	Lithium-Ion state of charge observer with open circuit voltage hysteresis model By Laurent GAGNEUR, Christophe FORGEZ, Ana Lucia DRIEMEYER FRANCO	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper deals with a state of charge (SOC) observer for a lithium ion battery, based on a Kalman filter and on the main electrochemical phenomena modeling. In this paper, a method to consider the hysteresis phenomenon on the Open Circuit Voltage has been developed and included into a SOC observer.

	Measurement of Braking Energy Recuperation in Electric Vehicles By Philipp SPICHARTZ, Constantinos SOURKOUNIS	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The low cruising range of full electric vehicles retards the triumph of electric mobility. An optimalbraking energy recovery can help to enlarge the range. For this paper, the recuperation energy of acurrently available electric car is measured during brake applications with different deceleration valuesand for several states of charge of the traction battery. The test results are analysed to give a referencepoint for future research and therefore to present the potential for optimization in the field of recuperationin electric vehicles.

	Operation Management of a High Power Vehicle-to-Grid Charging Station By Philip DOST, Benedikt PRZYBYL, Constantinos SOURKOUNIS	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The successful usage of electric vehicles presupposes an efficient and reasonable way to charge thebatteries. There are obvious, significant differences to petrol stations, related to the charging time andthe energy transferred. According to the customer and operator requirements, a superordinate chargingstation controller with vehicle to grid application is described in this paper.

	Optimal Architecture of the Hybrid Source (Battery/Supercapacitor) Supplying an ElectricVehicle According to the Required Autonomy By Redha SADOUN, Nassim RIZOUG, Patrick BARTHOLOMEUS, Philippe LE MOIGNE	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The association of more than one storage system to ensure the supplying of the hybrid and electric vehicle became more and more useful by the cars manufacturers. The asked question in this case is the optimal amount of the deferent energy sources to ensure the mission with the best lifetime. The first parameter witch influence the architecture of the hybrid storage system is the required autonomy. This paper deals with the choice of the architecture and the sizing of the hybrid source composed with battery and supercapacitor packs according to the desired autonomy. In this case, two technologies of Li-ion battery (power and energetic technologies) are associated with the supercapacitor. The obtained result about the size and the ageing of the source will be compared to that obtained using only power technology of Li-ion battery to supply the vehicle

	Power Adjustable Electric Vehicle Charger under Energy Box Purpose By Hugo MELO, Joao Pedro TROVAO, Paulo PEREIRINHA, Humberto JORGE	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The recent developments in electric vehicles philosophy and technology requires that they be able of charging anywhere, but also be capable of delivering their storage energy back to the grid. Therefore, autonomous energy management decision support technologies such as Energy Box, have earned prominence along with the latest electric vehicles chargers developments. These technologies increase the end users and utilities benefits given the occurred energetic exchanges. Thus, in this paper a bidirectional and power adjustable charger topology is presented as well as the respective applied controllers, in order to be further governed by the Energy Box. Moreover, in order to verify the proper operation of the proposed charger and the further interaction with Energy Box, this paper presents the obtained simulation and reduced scale experimented results. These were obtained respectively trough Matlab/Simulink® and National Instruments™ environment. Projections about the monetary benefits achieved in end user perspective are also presented, being the global attained results quite promising, foreseeing a meritorious interaction between the proposed charger and any compatible autonomous decision support system for the domestic energy management.

	Using of Aqueous or Organic Supercapacitor Technology in Hybrid and Electric Vehicle By Nassim RIZOUG, Patrick BARTHOLOMEUS, Philippe LE MOIGNE	[View] [Download]
Abstract: For hybrid and electric vehicle, high powers are needed for the acceleration, startup and recovery phases. For that, the chosen storage system must insure these high powers. The supercapacitors are powerful storage systems, which can reach more than 4,3kW/kg of specific power, and very high lifetime compared to the other storage components. Until 1957 five generations of supercapacitors are developed by the researcher in the entire world. The deference between these generations depends to the materials used for the electrode and/or the type of electrolyte solution. The use of deferent materials influences directly the behavior of the technology in term of specific power, specific energy, maximum voltage, maximum current and the lifetime. Currently, the manufacturer uses in 90\% of the cases the technology with carbon electrodes and acetonitrile like electrolyte. This technology has a high specific energy and good lifetime. On the other hand, this technology is toxic and cheaper compared to the other ones. The aqueous technology can give us the solution for this problem, because of the no-toxicity of the electrolyte and the very high power of this component. Unfortunately, this technology has low specific energy because of the voltage limitation (maximum 1V). This paper deals with the comparison between the two technologies of supercapacitors (carbon electrode + organic electrolyte and carbon electrode + aqueous electrolyte). The characterization and the variation of the ageing of the two technologies according to the number of cycles will be presented.

	Vehicle Power Flow Simulations Based on Trajectories with Inductive Charging Systems: A Case Study By Mohamed EL BAGHDADI, Thierry COOSEMANS, Ricardo BARRERO, Omar HEGAZY, Monzer AL-SAKKA, Harold PERIK, Joeri VAN MIERLO	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This article describes the study of power flows inside an electric commuter bus with a propulsion system that is powered wirelessly while the vehicle drives along its realistic trajectory in the context of public transportation. A dedicated bus model, that has been validated, is built in Matlab/Simulink incorporating inductive powering capability. The simulation method is based primarily on a ‘backward-looking’ calculation approach. A passenger bus and different bus drive cycles are simulated considering different wireless powering strategies: basic approach, charging at bus stops, powering when the vehicle’s energy storage system reaches a low charge level. Energy impact and requirements for the different situations are investigated.