EPE Association: EPE-PEMC 2006 - Topic 09: POWER ELECTRONICS IN TRANSPORTATION

EPE-PEMC 2006 - Topic 09: POWER ELECTRONICS IN TRANSPORTATION
You are here: EPE Documents > 04 - EPE-PEMC Conference Proceedings > EPE-PEMC 2006 - Conference > EPE-PEMC 2006 - Topic 09: POWER ELECTRONICS IN TRANSPORTATION

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   A Reliability Comparison of a Matrix Converter and an 18-Pulse Rectifier for Aerospace Applications
By Patrick W. Wheeler, Jon C. Clare, Liliana de Lillo, Keith Bradley, Martin Aten, Chris Whitley, Graham Towers [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper compares the calculated reliability of a Matrix Converter with an 18-pulse rectifier/inverter topology for a typical aerospace motor drive application. The military handbook MIL-HDBK-217F guidelines have been used to predict reliability. Although the Matrix Converter has a higher number of semi-conductor switches, these switches are subjected to a lower voltage stress, which can shown to increase the device reliability. When this factor is taken into account it can be shown that the predicted reliability of the matrix converter is comparable to the more commonly used 18-pulse rectifier based system

   Active Regenerative Braking: Braking of Induction Machine Traction Drive with Maximum Torque in High Speeds
By Zdenek Peroutka, Karel Zeman, Jiri Flajtingr [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper deals with the problem of the transmission of the energy to the dc trolley wire during the regenerative braking of the tram drive in case of the braking with increased dc-link voltage. The contribution presents new strategy called “active regenerative braking” (ARB). When the dc trolley wire is able to receive at least minimum energy, ARB allows the transmission of the vehicle kinetic energy to the trolley wire, even if the dc-link voltage is higher than admissible upper trolley wire voltage. The proposed strategy is verified by simulations and experimental data from the recent tram Škoda 14T, where this system is first time used.

   Analytical Calculation of Supply Current Harmonics Generated by Train Unit
By Grzegorz Skarpetowski, Waldemar Zajac, Wojciech Czuchra [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Analytical model of 3 phase converter traction drive with 2 drive unit supplied from 3 kV DC line is analyzed. The harmonics generated by the converter system injected into the supplying line are determined in analytical way. The calculation method is based at the generalized theory of static converter described in the literature [3,4,5,6,7,8]. The calculation results achieved in that way are compared with the measuring made in traction drive realized in the praxis. The generation of harmonic in traction drive system, independent of the complexity of the system, can be describe in closed analytical way. The analytical description allows systematic investigation of the effects connected with the propagation of the harmonics in the drive system and the environment of the system. The harmonics of the system can be divided into three groups of harmonics. To the first group belongs harmonics depending on the internal properties of the substation, its symmetry and the accuracy of the substation transformer. The harmonic of this group are positioned on the harmonic raster of the supplying network. The second group of harmonic is generated by the 3 phase converter traction drive. Harmonics of this group are depending on the operating point of the traction converter, (the stator frequency of the traction motor) and are sliding along the harmonic raster of line frequency. The third group of harmonics is generated trough the convolution of the both previous type of harmonics.

   Comparison of Fuel Cell Hybrid Propulsion Topologies with Super-Capacitor
By Joeri Van Mierlo, Yonghua Cheng, Jean-Marc Timmermans, Peter Van den Bossche [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Electric and hybrid electric vehicles are possible solutions to reduce the air-pollution and oil dependence of the transportation sector [1,2]. The fuel cell electric vehicle is currently considered to be the car of the future and consequently the automotive industry devotes great research effort and important resources to develop these technologies and to integrate them in their future vehicles.

Hybrid electric propulsion systems are an interesting concept to increase the energy efficiency of the road transportation [3,4]. Peak power units (e.g. supercapacitors, flywheels...) can be introduced in the electric propulsion system to supply the peak power demands for vehicle acceleration [5,6]. This form of hybridisation of the electrical power system allows increasing the life-time of the main energy source in case of a battery-electric vehicle or allows improving or optimizing the dynamic performance of the energy storage system of fuel cell electric vehicles [7,8].

In this paper, several series hybrid propulsion system topologies are analysed on the basis of the simulation programme VSP. Especially the use of a DC/DC converter connected between the DC-bus and the fuel cell stack or the super capacitor or the use of 2 convertres are investigated.

   Computer Models for Simulation and Control of a Traction Supply System
By Madis Lehtla, Juhan Laugis [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The paper discusses modelling and simulation of power circuits. Models were used to study energy exchange and develop a control system, in particular for vehicles with regenerative braking capability. SIMULINK models were used in control system design, including the selection of circuit components for feedbacks of switched mode converters. Models of the supply circuit were designed as independent blocks. These blocks can be used both, for AC induction motor drives and DC chopper drives. This structure can be used for the behavioural modelling of supply for switched-mode voltage-source traction converters.

   Control of Ultracapacitors Energy Exchange
By Indrek Roasto, Tonu Lehtla, Taavi Moller, Argo Rosin [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Ultracapacitors can store and also give out large energy pulses. That makes them perfectly suitable as short term energy storage devices in electrical vehicles. The usage of ultracapacitors prevents over sizing of the battery pack due to peak power demands. This paper introduces the basic concept of how ultracapacitors could be used in Tramways. The main purpose of the paper is to introduce one possible control-strategy of ultracapacitors energy exchange. With the energy exchange is meant the movement of energy form the ultracapacitors into distribution network and vice versa. Three different regulators, proportional (P), integration (I), and the combination of both (PI) are tested and compared to each other. Practical results are analyzed and compared with the simulation results.

   Design Considerations for Single Phase Current-Source Active Rectifier
By Jan Michalik, Jan Molnar, Zdenek Peroutka [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This research has been motivated by industrial demand for single phase current-source active rectifier dedicated for reconstruction of older types of dc machine locomotives. This paper presents converter design and simulations. The proposed converter control is based on the mathematical model and due to possible interaction with railway signalling and required low switching frequency employs synchronous PWM. The simulation results are verified by experimental tests performed on designed laboratory prototype of power of 7kVA.

   Development of a PEM Fuel Cell Boat
By Tang Tianhao, Han Jingang, Yao Gang, Feng Yongrui [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper presents development of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell boat. A hybrid energy system consists of a PEM fuel cell stack and batteries. Such a system is expected to be used in the next generation electric propulsion system with more efficient and zero emission to replace the traditional diesel engine system in the future. The design and test of the fuel cell boat will be discussed in the paper.

   Electric Power Divider in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain
By Zdenek Cerovsky, Pavel Mindl [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Paper deals with automotive hybrid and power splitting drives. The system used for laboratory experiments at Czech Technical University in the Josef Božek Research Center of Engine and Automotive Technology is described and its function explained. Special attention is paid to the electric power divider, which is a synchronous permanent magnet generator with separately rotating stator and rotor. The theory of the divider is derived. The knowledge of qaxis reactance and d-axis reactance is for load characteristics important. A new method how to measure the q-axis synchronous reactance of permanent magnet machines was developed. The method and results are in the paper described.

   Energy Sources Control and Management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
By Yonghua Cheng, Joeri Van Mierlo, Peter Van den Bossche, Philippe Lataire [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The development of Hybrid Electric Vehicles is one of the most effective solutions to improve our environment. For the purposes of improving the characteristic and efficiency of Hybrid Electric Vehicles, different hybrid drive train topologies with super capacitor based energy storages have been studied with concern about energy sources control and management. The methods of controlling mean power and controlling peak power according to the load current have been presented in this paper. The experimental results proved that the super capacitor based energy storage is fully controlled by using our strategy of control and management, and that the main power supply system (even without mean power control) is controlled to only supply the mean power. The efficiency and lifecycle of the main power supply system (e.g. fuel cell) can be improved. And good dynamics of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle have been achieved.

   Fuzzy Control of a Hybrid Power Source for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle using Regenerative Braking Ultracapacitor
By Mahshid Amirabadi, Shahrokh Farhangi [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) have higher efficiency and lower emissions compared with the internal combustion engine vehicles. But, the fuel cell has a slow dynamic response; therefore, an auxiliary power source is needed during start up and transient conditions. Batteries and ultracapacitors can be used as auxiliary power sources. Batteries have high energy density and ultracapacitors have high power density. By using both the battery and ultracapacitors as the auxiliary power sources of the FCEV, the performance and efficiency of the overall system can be improved. In this system, there is a boost converter, which steps up the fuel cell voltage, and two bi-directional DC-DC converters, that each of them couples the battery and ultracapacitors to the bus. Each bi-directional converter has two modes of operation. During the buck mode the battery/ ultracapacitors will charge through the fuel cell or regenerative braking. During the boost mode they will supply the load. These converters should be properly controlled. Besides, a control strategy is needed to select the most suitable power source for supplying the load at each operating point, due to the efficiency of the system and demanding power. In this paper the fuzzy control method has been employed for controlling the whole system. Three kinds of fuzzy controllers are needed for this system. One of them is the main controller, which selects the switches that should be activated at each moment. The second one is the boost controller, which has 3 inputs and is needed for three switches. The third one is the buck controller, which has 3 inputs and is used for two switches. The simulation has been done in simulink/MATLAB, and the PLECS toolbox has been employed to achieve more accurate results for power electronics circuits. Moreover an accurate model has been used for the fuel cell. The simulation results show that this system has a good dynamic performance and high reliability.

   Hybrid Energy Sources for Heavy Truck: Simulation and Behavior
By Khadija El Kadri I, Abdesslem Djerdir, Alain Berthon [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper proposes the study of an experimental test bench ECCE (Evaluation of the Components of an Electric Power train) which is a hybrid series vehicle. The aim of this work is to study this hybrid system while being focused on the various components (batteries, thermal engine, alternator, control), in order to make evolve this platform by testing several operating modes and also to determine the performance and operation limits. A work has been carried out on modeling and experimental tests in order to achieve a simulator which will represent the operation of the hybrid energy system and which can be used to study for example the decayed mode, the availability of the sources of energy and the functionalities of the various parts of a hybrid vehicle.

   Multi -Reconfigurable Power System for EV Applications
By Francisco Perez-Pinal, Ilse Cervantes [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Electric vehicles technology has been an attractive topic for many researchers around the world during the last three decades. Single, double or four wheeled traction are popular applications with corresponding advantages and drawbacks. It’s also known that fault tolerance and high reliability are some needed characteristics in this kind of power electronic application. In this paper, it is proposed an interleaved DC/DC converter for multi-wheeled electric vehicles which is capable to reconfigure its structure in order to work as active PWM front-end for battery charging. Moreover, its structure can be modified to be used as bidirectional converter for boosting and regenerative current flow and as a low voltage back-up inverter in case of a fault in any main inverter. The advantages of the power system and partial results are illustrated via numeric simulations..

   State Transitions in Vector Controlled AC Tram Drive
By Andrzej Debowski, Piotr Chudzik, Grzegorz Lisowski [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The paper deals with the control strategy for the prototype AC tram drive designed for modernization of existing trams in Poland. The basis of the drive are vectorcontrolled induction motors sourced from voltage inverters. Motor shaft speed sensing enables torque and rotor flux indirect control in stator-current oriented co-ordinates system. In the paper the block scheme of such a control is given and distinct work-states of the drive during the tram driving by motorman are described. Traction properties of the drive were checked during street tests of the tram. During tests the behavior of the drive in dynamic states while accelerating and electromagnetic braking of the tram was especially observed. Results of these observations at different tram drive operation conditions in a form of torque and speed transients were enclosed.

EPE-PEMC 2006 - Topic 09: POWER ELECTRONICS IN TRANSPORTATION
You are here: EPE Documents > 04 - EPE-PEMC Conference Proceedings > EPE-PEMC 2006 - Conference > EPE-PEMC 2006 - Topic 09: POWER ELECTRONICS IN TRANSPORTATION
	[return to parent folder]

	A Reliability Comparison of a Matrix Converter and an 18-Pulse Rectifier for Aerospace Applications By Patrick W. Wheeler, Jon C. Clare, Liliana de Lillo, Keith Bradley, Martin Aten, Chris Whitley, Graham Towers	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper compares the calculated reliability of a Matrix Converter with an 18-pulse rectifier/inverter topology for a typical aerospace motor drive application. The military handbook MIL-HDBK-217F guidelines have been used to predict reliability. Although the Matrix Converter has a higher number of semi-conductor switches, these switches are subjected to a lower voltage stress, which can shown to increase the device reliability. When this factor is taken into account it can be shown that the predicted reliability of the matrix converter is comparable to the more commonly used 18-pulse rectifier based system

	Active Regenerative Braking: Braking of Induction Machine Traction Drive with Maximum Torque in High Speeds By Zdenek Peroutka, Karel Zeman, Jiri Flajtingr	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper deals with the problem of the transmission of the energy to the dc trolley wire during the regenerative braking of the tram drive in case of the braking with increased dc-link voltage. The contribution presents new strategy called “active regenerative braking” (ARB). When the dc trolley wire is able to receive at least minimum energy, ARB allows the transmission of the vehicle kinetic energy to the trolley wire, even if the dc-link voltage is higher than admissible upper trolley wire voltage. The proposed strategy is verified by simulations and experimental data from the recent tram Škoda 14T, where this system is first time used.

	Analytical Calculation of Supply Current Harmonics Generated by Train Unit By Grzegorz Skarpetowski, Waldemar Zajac, Wojciech Czuchra	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Analytical model of 3 phase converter traction drive with 2 drive unit supplied from 3 kV DC line is analyzed. The harmonics generated by the converter system injected into the supplying line are determined in analytical way. The calculation method is based at the generalized theory of static converter described in the literature [3,4,5,6,7,8]. The calculation results achieved in that way are compared with the measuring made in traction drive realized in the praxis. The generation of harmonic in traction drive system, independent of the complexity of the system, can be describe in closed analytical way. The analytical description allows systematic investigation of the effects connected with the propagation of the harmonics in the drive system and the environment of the system. The harmonics of the system can be divided into three groups of harmonics. To the first group belongs harmonics depending on the internal properties of the substation, its symmetry and the accuracy of the substation transformer. The harmonic of this group are positioned on the harmonic raster of the supplying network. The second group of harmonic is generated by the 3 phase converter traction drive. Harmonics of this group are depending on the operating point of the traction converter, (the stator frequency of the traction motor) and are sliding along the harmonic raster of line frequency. The third group of harmonics is generated trough the convolution of the both previous type of harmonics.

	Comparison of Fuel Cell Hybrid Propulsion Topologies with Super-Capacitor By Joeri Van Mierlo, Yonghua Cheng, Jean-Marc Timmermans, Peter Van den Bossche	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Electric and hybrid electric vehicles are possible solutions to reduce the air-pollution and oil dependence of the transportation sector [1,2]. The fuel cell electric vehicle is currently considered to be the car of the future and consequently the automotive industry devotes great research effort and important resources to develop these technologies and to integrate them in their future vehicles. Hybrid electric propulsion systems are an interesting concept to increase the energy efficiency of the road transportation [3,4]. Peak power units (e.g. supercapacitors, flywheels...) can be introduced in the electric propulsion system to supply the peak power demands for vehicle acceleration [5,6]. This form of hybridisation of the electrical power system allows increasing the life-time of the main energy source in case of a battery-electric vehicle or allows improving or optimizing the dynamic performance of the energy storage system of fuel cell electric vehicles [7,8]. In this paper, several series hybrid propulsion system topologies are analysed on the basis of the simulation programme VSP. Especially the use of a DC/DC converter connected between the DC-bus and the fuel cell stack or the super capacitor or the use of 2 convertres are investigated.

	Computer Models for Simulation and Control of a Traction Supply System By Madis Lehtla, Juhan Laugis	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The paper discusses modelling and simulation of power circuits. Models were used to study energy exchange and develop a control system, in particular for vehicles with regenerative braking capability. SIMULINK models were used in control system design, including the selection of circuit components for feedbacks of switched mode converters. Models of the supply circuit were designed as independent blocks. These blocks can be used both, for AC induction motor drives and DC chopper drives. This structure can be used for the behavioural modelling of supply for switched-mode voltage-source traction converters.

	Control of Ultracapacitors Energy Exchange By Indrek Roasto, Tonu Lehtla, Taavi Moller, Argo Rosin	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Ultracapacitors can store and also give out large energy pulses. That makes them perfectly suitable as short term energy storage devices in electrical vehicles. The usage of ultracapacitors prevents over sizing of the battery pack due to peak power demands. This paper introduces the basic concept of how ultracapacitors could be used in Tramways. The main purpose of the paper is to introduce one possible control-strategy of ultracapacitors energy exchange. With the energy exchange is meant the movement of energy form the ultracapacitors into distribution network and vice versa. Three different regulators, proportional (P), integration (I), and the combination of both (PI) are tested and compared to each other. Practical results are analyzed and compared with the simulation results.

	Design Considerations for Single Phase Current-Source Active Rectifier By Jan Michalik, Jan Molnar, Zdenek Peroutka	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This research has been motivated by industrial demand for single phase current-source active rectifier dedicated for reconstruction of older types of dc machine locomotives. This paper presents converter design and simulations. The proposed converter control is based on the mathematical model and due to possible interaction with railway signalling and required low switching frequency employs synchronous PWM. The simulation results are verified by experimental tests performed on designed laboratory prototype of power of 7kVA.

	Development of a PEM Fuel Cell Boat By Tang Tianhao, Han Jingang, Yao Gang, Feng Yongrui	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents development of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell boat. A hybrid energy system consists of a PEM fuel cell stack and batteries. Such a system is expected to be used in the next generation electric propulsion system with more efficient and zero emission to replace the traditional diesel engine system in the future. The design and test of the fuel cell boat will be discussed in the paper.

	Electric Power Divider in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain By Zdenek Cerovsky, Pavel Mindl	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Paper deals with automotive hybrid and power splitting drives. The system used for laboratory experiments at Czech Technical University in the Josef Božek Research Center of Engine and Automotive Technology is described and its function explained. Special attention is paid to the electric power divider, which is a synchronous permanent magnet generator with separately rotating stator and rotor. The theory of the divider is derived. The knowledge of qaxis reactance and d-axis reactance is for load characteristics important. A new method how to measure the q-axis synchronous reactance of permanent magnet machines was developed. The method and results are in the paper described.

	Energy Sources Control and Management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles By Yonghua Cheng, Joeri Van Mierlo, Peter Van den Bossche, Philippe Lataire	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The development of Hybrid Electric Vehicles is one of the most effective solutions to improve our environment. For the purposes of improving the characteristic and efficiency of Hybrid Electric Vehicles, different hybrid drive train topologies with super capacitor based energy storages have been studied with concern about energy sources control and management. The methods of controlling mean power and controlling peak power according to the load current have been presented in this paper. The experimental results proved that the super capacitor based energy storage is fully controlled by using our strategy of control and management, and that the main power supply system (even without mean power control) is controlled to only supply the mean power. The efficiency and lifecycle of the main power supply system (e.g. fuel cell) can be improved. And good dynamics of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle have been achieved.

	Fuzzy Control of a Hybrid Power Source for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle using Regenerative Braking Ultracapacitor By Mahshid Amirabadi, Shahrokh Farhangi	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) have higher efficiency and lower emissions compared with the internal combustion engine vehicles. But, the fuel cell has a slow dynamic response; therefore, an auxiliary power source is needed during start up and transient conditions. Batteries and ultracapacitors can be used as auxiliary power sources. Batteries have high energy density and ultracapacitors have high power density. By using both the battery and ultracapacitors as the auxiliary power sources of the FCEV, the performance and efficiency of the overall system can be improved. In this system, there is a boost converter, which steps up the fuel cell voltage, and two bi-directional DC-DC converters, that each of them couples the battery and ultracapacitors to the bus. Each bi-directional converter has two modes of operation. During the buck mode the battery/ ultracapacitors will charge through the fuel cell or regenerative braking. During the boost mode they will supply the load. These converters should be properly controlled. Besides, a control strategy is needed to select the most suitable power source for supplying the load at each operating point, due to the efficiency of the system and demanding power. In this paper the fuzzy control method has been employed for controlling the whole system. Three kinds of fuzzy controllers are needed for this system. One of them is the main controller, which selects the switches that should be activated at each moment. The second one is the boost controller, which has 3 inputs and is needed for three switches. The third one is the buck controller, which has 3 inputs and is used for two switches. The simulation has been done in simulink/MATLAB, and the PLECS toolbox has been employed to achieve more accurate results for power electronics circuits. Moreover an accurate model has been used for the fuel cell. The simulation results show that this system has a good dynamic performance and high reliability.

	Hybrid Energy Sources for Heavy Truck: Simulation and Behavior By Khadija El Kadri I, Abdesslem Djerdir, Alain Berthon	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper proposes the study of an experimental test bench ECCE (Evaluation of the Components of an Electric Power train) which is a hybrid series vehicle. The aim of this work is to study this hybrid system while being focused on the various components (batteries, thermal engine, alternator, control), in order to make evolve this platform by testing several operating modes and also to determine the performance and operation limits. A work has been carried out on modeling and experimental tests in order to achieve a simulator which will represent the operation of the hybrid energy system and which can be used to study for example the decayed mode, the availability of the sources of energy and the functionalities of the various parts of a hybrid vehicle.

	Multi -Reconfigurable Power System for EV Applications By Francisco Perez-Pinal, Ilse Cervantes	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Electric vehicles technology has been an attractive topic for many researchers around the world during the last three decades. Single, double or four wheeled traction are popular applications with corresponding advantages and drawbacks. It’s also known that fault tolerance and high reliability are some needed characteristics in this kind of power electronic application. In this paper, it is proposed an interleaved DC/DC converter for multi-wheeled electric vehicles which is capable to reconfigure its structure in order to work as active PWM front-end for battery charging. Moreover, its structure can be modified to be used as bidirectional converter for boosting and regenerative current flow and as a low voltage back-up inverter in case of a fault in any main inverter. The advantages of the power system and partial results are illustrated via numeric simulations..

	State Transitions in Vector Controlled AC Tram Drive By Andrzej Debowski, Piotr Chudzik, Grzegorz Lisowski	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The paper deals with the control strategy for the prototype AC tram drive designed for modernization of existing trams in Poland. The basis of the drive are vectorcontrolled induction motors sourced from voltage inverters. Motor shaft speed sensing enables torque and rotor flux indirect control in stator-current oriented co-ordinates system. In the paper the block scheme of such a control is given and distinct work-states of the drive during the tram driving by motorman are described. Traction properties of the drive were checked during street tests of the tram. During tests the behavior of the drive in dynamic states while accelerating and electromagnetic braking of the tram was especially observed. Results of these observations at different tram drive operation conditions in a form of torque and speed transients were enclosed.