EPE Association: EPE 2005 - Topic 07-2 - DS: Measurements and sensors

EPE 2005 - Topic 07-2 - DS: Measurements and sensors
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2005 - Conference > EPE 2005 - Topic 07: MEASUREMENTS AND SENSORS (EXCEPT SPEED AND POSITION SENSORS > EPE 2005 - Topic 07-2 - DS: Measurements and sensors

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   A Novel Sliding Mode Observer Applied to the Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter
By SARIÑANA AaroN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper describes a new approach to control Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) under current and voltage sensor failures. In this work we focus mainly on the reactive power compensator and the power active filter. For this, the theory ofestimators and observers are developed in detail for the three-phase Voltage Source Inverter, which is the central structure of the aforementioned FACTS elements under study. Due to the nonlinear nature of the problem, the observer theory is developed in a nonlinear framework. In this light, we propose twononlinear observers based on the sliding mode theory for two particular cases. In the first case, the observer allows us to overcome failures in the DC-link voltage sensor if we are able to measure the currents of the main. In the second case, we show that it is possible to overcome failures in all the AC-mains sensors ifwe measure only the DC-link voltage. Finally, the performance of these soft sensors is investigated by simulations in a control-loop which is based on the popular Dead-Beat Space Vector Modulation technique.

   Characteristic Measurement System for Automotive Class Switched Reluctance Machines
By TSAFAK Olivier; BAUER Stefan; FUENGWARODSAKUL Nisai; DE DONCKER Rik [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Flux-linkage characteristics and torque characteristics, which are regarded as fingerprints of Switched Reluctance Machines (SRM), are indispensable fundamental data required in modeling the machine behavior for both simulation and control purposes. In contrast to other types of electrical machines, e.g. induction machines and synchronous machines, SRMs are basically characterized by a strongly nonlinear behavior due to typical operation in the magnetic saturation region. Hence, no analytical function can be applied to describe characteristics of SRMs precisely. An accurate SRM model inevitably needs the complete machine characteristics in form of data-intensive look-up tables to represent the machine behavior. Generally, the SRM characteristics can be calculated by Finite Element (FE) simulation. However, real SRMs can be different from the simulation model due to end-winding effects, which are normally not considered in the FE-simulation model. Hence, the experimental measurement is preferred. Measuring and preparing the SRM characteristics is a complicated and time-consuming task, if done manually. The time-expense as well as possible human errors in determining the SRM characteristics can be minimized, if the measurement procedures are automated. This paper presents an automated characteristic measurement system for SRM. The measurement system was designed for automotive class SRMs, e.g. starter-generator, hybrid or main propulsion motor. The applied measurement methods, the system design and construction are described in the paper. Furthermore, constraints and discussions concerning the measurement accuracy are presented.

   current measurement dedicated mixed System-on-Chip for highly integrated power control
By POURE Philippe; BRAUN Francis; HEBRARD Luc; FRICK Vincent [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper focused on the design and prototyping of a contactless current measurement System-On-Chip (SoC) in standard CMOS technology. Thus, without additional post-processing cost, a differential architecture, including two improved Hall plates, embedded electronics and auto-balancing is described. Experimental results measured on a 0.6mm CMOS technology prototype demonstrate the functionality of the SoC. This one will be integrated in further highly integrated power control.

   DTC Drive with ANN-Based Stator Fux Estimator
By HRZINA Pavel; ZACEK Jaroslav [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This article describes the system for measurement of parasitic parameters of designed SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) structures operating at frequencies of hundreds of kHz. The method uses a comparison between simulation results and practical measurement. For simulation the most popular circuit simulators as PSPICE, PSIM, SIMULINK can be applied.

   FPGA Based Dead-Time Compensation for PWM inverters
By IKONEN Mika; LAAKKONEN Ossi; SILVENTOINEN Pertti; PYRHOeNEN Olli; RAUMA Kimmo [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Dead-times of power switches causes significant errors in some electric drive applications. Compensation of the error can be done with a small amount of discrete components and small programmable logic circuit. Larger Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) circuit allows integration of the modulator and compensation logic in the same circuit resulting a very compact and cheap solution. This paper presents one solution to implement a dead-time compensation logic with a cheap and exact voltage feedback and a simple logic that can be implemented in a FPGA or Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC). Full test system and measurement results are presented.

   High Frequency Effects in Current Measurement Using Rogowski Coils
By RAY William F; HEWSON Christopher; METCALFE Joanne [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Rogowski transducers are often used for measuring high frequency currents. It is not generally recognised that at very high frequencies the measurement is position sensitive. Furthermore the coil propagation time delay increases with frequency thereby reducing the expected bandwidth. This paper investigates these effects and presents some experimental verification.

   IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS SIGNALS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM AT 18 MVA CONVERTER
By SCHWABE Han; WEISS Helmut [View]
[Download]

Abstract: During commissioning and operation of high power converters, specific continuous monitoring and error tracking systems provide a clear view when a malfunction occurs that may have its origin inside of the converter or at mains. In order to identify the root cause an automatic high speed measurement arrangement integrated into the converter is necessary. An advanced system is optimised in noise minimised sensor signal transfer, high speed data acquisition and reliable storage. It also has to fulfil requirements of high speed data access over several Gigabyte of data by display. The system is composed of a carefully designed analog signal amplification, a fast analog-digital-converter and a PC-based storage and data access unit. The measurement system is implemented at a 18 MVA railway system-tie converter.

   Iron Loss Measurement Technique and Experience for Flux Waveforms Including DC Offsets
By CORDA Jasmin; STEPHENSON Michael; HUGHES Austin; RANDALL Steve; CHARTON Thomas [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The Authors are engaged in a programme of work to develop an improved model of iron loss for the use in the design of switched reluctance machines. This has necessitated (i) the development of equipment to measure iron loss in samples of steel over a wide range of frequencies for a variety of impressed flux waveforms, including a DC bias, and (ii) measurements of the loss in a static basic 2-pole switched reluctance machine. The paper gives details of these systems and results demonstrating the agreement with the new model. Two interesting effects which have emerged are also explained - the first shows the unexpected effect of the nonlinear magnetisation curve on the relationship between mean flux and mmf and the second concerns the decay of flux and eddy currents under conditions of discontinuous excitation.

   Isolation amplifier for high voltage measurement using a resonant control loop
By LE CLAIRE Jea [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Some papers describe a novel pulse width modulation, which makes enter converter's current control loop in a resonant mode and permits an accurate tracking of the reference. Here, we investigate an analog high voltage measurement board, which implements an isolation amplifier using this modulation strategy. Thus, the isolation amplifier involves an analog-to-digital converter whose operating mode depends on this modulation technique. Then, a linear model of the encoder-decoder is found. The results demonstrate its excellent performances.

   Parameter estimation methods at three-phase machines
By MICHALIK Wolfgang [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Parameter determinations at three-phase induction machines can be carried out advantageously with parameter estimation methods. For such a estimation different operating modes of the machine, especially the dynamic or the standstill operating mode are convenient. Depending of these operating modes, the model structure of the induction machine and the estimation algorithm must be adapted. The differences in the mathematical and experimental expenditure, the experimental implementation and also in CPU-time can be considerable. Also low dependencies of the parameter uncertainties from the excitation signal and the operating mode are usually not avoidable.The paper gives a survey about the different facilities for parameter determinations at three-phase induction machines.

   Quantitative analysis of the external radial magnetic field for detection of stator inter-turn short-circuit in induction machines.
By BRUDNY Jean FrançOis; ROMARY Raphael; THAILLY Delphine [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to show quantatively how external radial magnetic field spectral lines vary when a short-circuit fault appears on induction machine stator winding. The sensitivity of the spectral lines to the fault is estimated by changing the ratio of the shorted turn current comparatively to the supply current. For a given position of the used sensor, the sensitivity of particular spectral lines is also analysed depending on the location of the fault in the stator winding.

   Reduced-order electrical model extensions for induction machine temperature monitoring with extended Kalman filter
By LORON Luc; FOULON Emmanuel; GUIBERT CeDric [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The paper presents an electrical reduced-order model for real-time purposes. This model allows taking easily into account iron losses. Several model extensions for a Kalman filter are defined, in the objective of the thermal monitoring of the induction machine, in real-time. An accurate experimental set-up is presented and machine model identification is described. Experimental results are presented and the Kalman filter convergence is discussed, considering the different model extensions, in the aim of temperature estimation.

   Some Measurement Techniques of Distribution Line Impedance on Hot-Line
By MATSUI Keiju; MORI Hideki; YAMAMOTO Isamu; KOYAMA Mitsuhiro; KOJIMA Hiroo; UEDA Fukashi [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The line impedance could be measured by means of only passive elements such as inductors or resistors, that is presented at first. However, as the voltage and current used for the measurement are increased, the size of the inductor or resistor being used also needs to be increased, so in practice it would be virtually impossible to make an accurate measurement. Because of this, we have eveloped a novel measurement method for line impedance using an inverter circuit, which we describe secondly. In the third place, we propose another line impedance easurement method. The novel method is that the high frequency wave with minimum voltage is injected into the distribution line system. By means of this method, the line capacitance and the line inductance can be measured. These proposals are confirmed by the simulation or experiment.

   STATOR FAULTS DIAGNOSIS IN INDUCTION MACHINES UNDER FIXED SPEED
By CHAMPENOIS GeRard; GAUBERT Jean Paul ; BACHIR Smail; TNANI Slim [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In this paper, authors proposes a new monitoring technique of inter turns short circuit windings under fixed speed. This method is based on introduction of sinusoidal extra-signals to input voltage delivered by power inverter. For diagnosis, we proposed model of squirrel cage induction motors under stator faults. This model takes into account the effects of inter turn faults resulting in the shorting of one or more circuits of stator phase winding. The stator asymmetries caused in the faulty case are explained by the introduction of the short-circuit elements in the conventional Park’s model. Each short-circuit element allows faults detection and localization in the three stator windings.The estimation technique is performed by taking into account prior information available on the safe system operating in nominal conditions. Experimental test results show the good agreement between the real faults and their estimations and demonstrate the detection and localization possibilities of this predictive failure detection technique.

   Parameters of the Magnetic Core and Parasitic Structure in RF SMPS Circuit
By Pavel Hrzina; Jaroslav Žácek [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This article describes the system for measurement of parasitic parameters of designed SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) structures operating at frequencies of hundreds of kHz. The method uses a comparison between simulation results and practical measurement. For simulation the most popular circuit simulators as PSPICE, PSIM, SIMULINK can be applied.

EPE 2005 - Topic 07-2 - DS: Measurements and sensors
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2005 - Conference > EPE 2005 - Topic 07: MEASUREMENTS AND SENSORS (EXCEPT SPEED AND POSITION SENSORS > EPE 2005 - Topic 07-2 - DS: Measurements and sensors
	[return to parent folder]

	A Novel Sliding Mode Observer Applied to the Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter By SARIÑANA AaroN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper describes a new approach to control Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) under current and voltage sensor failures. In this work we focus mainly on the reactive power compensator and the power active filter. For this, the theory ofestimators and observers are developed in detail for the three-phase Voltage Source Inverter, which is the central structure of the aforementioned FACTS elements under study. Due to the nonlinear nature of the problem, the observer theory is developed in a nonlinear framework. In this light, we propose twononlinear observers based on the sliding mode theory for two particular cases. In the first case, the observer allows us to overcome failures in the DC-link voltage sensor if we are able to measure the currents of the main. In the second case, we show that it is possible to overcome failures in all the AC-mains sensors ifwe measure only the DC-link voltage. Finally, the performance of these soft sensors is investigated by simulations in a control-loop which is based on the popular Dead-Beat Space Vector Modulation technique.

	Characteristic Measurement System for Automotive Class Switched Reluctance Machines By TSAFAK Olivier; BAUER Stefan; FUENGWARODSAKUL Nisai; DE DONCKER Rik	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Flux-linkage characteristics and torque characteristics, which are regarded as fingerprints of Switched Reluctance Machines (SRM), are indispensable fundamental data required in modeling the machine behavior for both simulation and control purposes. In contrast to other types of electrical machines, e.g. induction machines and synchronous machines, SRMs are basically characterized by a strongly nonlinear behavior due to typical operation in the magnetic saturation region. Hence, no analytical function can be applied to describe characteristics of SRMs precisely. An accurate SRM model inevitably needs the complete machine characteristics in form of data-intensive look-up tables to represent the machine behavior. Generally, the SRM characteristics can be calculated by Finite Element (FE) simulation. However, real SRMs can be different from the simulation model due to end-winding effects, which are normally not considered in the FE-simulation model. Hence, the experimental measurement is preferred. Measuring and preparing the SRM characteristics is a complicated and time-consuming task, if done manually. The time-expense as well as possible human errors in determining the SRM characteristics can be minimized, if the measurement procedures are automated. This paper presents an automated characteristic measurement system for SRM. The measurement system was designed for automotive class SRMs, e.g. starter-generator, hybrid or main propulsion motor. The applied measurement methods, the system design and construction are described in the paper. Furthermore, constraints and discussions concerning the measurement accuracy are presented.

	current measurement dedicated mixed System-on-Chip for highly integrated power control By POURE Philippe; BRAUN Francis; HEBRARD Luc; FRICK Vincent	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper focused on the design and prototyping of a contactless current measurement System-On-Chip (SoC) in standard CMOS technology. Thus, without additional post-processing cost, a differential architecture, including two improved Hall plates, embedded electronics and auto-balancing is described. Experimental results measured on a 0.6mm CMOS technology prototype demonstrate the functionality of the SoC. This one will be integrated in further highly integrated power control.

	DTC Drive with ANN-Based Stator Fux Estimator By HRZINA Pavel; ZACEK Jaroslav	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This article describes the system for measurement of parasitic parameters of designed SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) structures operating at frequencies of hundreds of kHz. The method uses a comparison between simulation results and practical measurement. For simulation the most popular circuit simulators as PSPICE, PSIM, SIMULINK can be applied.

	FPGA Based Dead-Time Compensation for PWM inverters By IKONEN Mika; LAAKKONEN Ossi; SILVENTOINEN Pertti; PYRHOeNEN Olli; RAUMA Kimmo	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Dead-times of power switches causes significant errors in some electric drive applications. Compensation of the error can be done with a small amount of discrete components and small programmable logic circuit. Larger Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) circuit allows integration of the modulator and compensation logic in the same circuit resulting a very compact and cheap solution. This paper presents one solution to implement a dead-time compensation logic with a cheap and exact voltage feedback and a simple logic that can be implemented in a FPGA or Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC). Full test system and measurement results are presented.

	High Frequency Effects in Current Measurement Using Rogowski Coils By RAY William F; HEWSON Christopher; METCALFE Joanne	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Rogowski transducers are often used for measuring high frequency currents. It is not generally recognised that at very high frequencies the measurement is position sensitive. Furthermore the coil propagation time delay increases with frequency thereby reducing the expected bandwidth. This paper investigates these effects and presents some experimental verification.

	IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS SIGNALS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM AT 18 MVA CONVERTER By SCHWABE Han; WEISS Helmut	[View] [Download]
Abstract: During commissioning and operation of high power converters, specific continuous monitoring and error tracking systems provide a clear view when a malfunction occurs that may have its origin inside of the converter or at mains. In order to identify the root cause an automatic high speed measurement arrangement integrated into the converter is necessary. An advanced system is optimised in noise minimised sensor signal transfer, high speed data acquisition and reliable storage. It also has to fulfil requirements of high speed data access over several Gigabyte of data by display. The system is composed of a carefully designed analog signal amplification, a fast analog-digital-converter and a PC-based storage and data access unit. The measurement system is implemented at a 18 MVA railway system-tie converter.

	Iron Loss Measurement Technique and Experience for Flux Waveforms Including DC Offsets By CORDA Jasmin; STEPHENSON Michael; HUGHES Austin; RANDALL Steve; CHARTON Thomas	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The Authors are engaged in a programme of work to develop an improved model of iron loss for the use in the design of switched reluctance machines. This has necessitated (i) the development of equipment to measure iron loss in samples of steel over a wide range of frequencies for a variety of impressed flux waveforms, including a DC bias, and (ii) measurements of the loss in a static basic 2-pole switched reluctance machine. The paper gives details of these systems and results demonstrating the agreement with the new model. Two interesting effects which have emerged are also explained - the first shows the unexpected effect of the nonlinear magnetisation curve on the relationship between mean flux and mmf and the second concerns the decay of flux and eddy currents under conditions of discontinuous excitation.

	Isolation amplifier for high voltage measurement using a resonant control loop By LE CLAIRE Jea	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Some papers describe a novel pulse width modulation, which makes enter converter's current control loop in a resonant mode and permits an accurate tracking of the reference. Here, we investigate an analog high voltage measurement board, which implements an isolation amplifier using this modulation strategy. Thus, the isolation amplifier involves an analog-to-digital converter whose operating mode depends on this modulation technique. Then, a linear model of the encoder-decoder is found. The results demonstrate its excellent performances.

	Parameter estimation methods at three-phase machines By MICHALIK Wolfgang	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Parameter determinations at three-phase induction machines can be carried out advantageously with parameter estimation methods. For such a estimation different operating modes of the machine, especially the dynamic or the standstill operating mode are convenient. Depending of these operating modes, the model structure of the induction machine and the estimation algorithm must be adapted. The differences in the mathematical and experimental expenditure, the experimental implementation and also in CPU-time can be considerable. Also low dependencies of the parameter uncertainties from the excitation signal and the operating mode are usually not avoidable.The paper gives a survey about the different facilities for parameter determinations at three-phase induction machines.

	Quantitative analysis of the external radial magnetic field for detection of stator inter-turn short-circuit in induction machines. By BRUDNY Jean FrançOis; ROMARY Raphael; THAILLY Delphine	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to show quantatively how external radial magnetic field spectral lines vary when a short-circuit fault appears on induction machine stator winding. The sensitivity of the spectral lines to the fault is estimated by changing the ratio of the shorted turn current comparatively to the supply current. For a given position of the used sensor, the sensitivity of particular spectral lines is also analysed depending on the location of the fault in the stator winding.

	Reduced-order electrical model extensions for induction machine temperature monitoring with extended Kalman filter By LORON Luc; FOULON Emmanuel; GUIBERT CeDric	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The paper presents an electrical reduced-order model for real-time purposes. This model allows taking easily into account iron losses. Several model extensions for a Kalman filter are defined, in the objective of the thermal monitoring of the induction machine, in real-time. An accurate experimental set-up is presented and machine model identification is described. Experimental results are presented and the Kalman filter convergence is discussed, considering the different model extensions, in the aim of temperature estimation.

	Some Measurement Techniques of Distribution Line Impedance on Hot-Line By MATSUI Keiju; MORI Hideki; YAMAMOTO Isamu; KOYAMA Mitsuhiro; KOJIMA Hiroo; UEDA Fukashi	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The line impedance could be measured by means of only passive elements such as inductors or resistors, that is presented at first. However, as the voltage and current used for the measurement are increased, the size of the inductor or resistor being used also needs to be increased, so in practice it would be virtually impossible to make an accurate measurement. Because of this, we have eveloped a novel measurement method for line impedance using an inverter circuit, which we describe secondly. In the third place, we propose another line impedance easurement method. The novel method is that the high frequency wave with minimum voltage is injected into the distribution line system. By means of this method, the line capacitance and the line inductance can be measured. These proposals are confirmed by the simulation or experiment.

	STATOR FAULTS DIAGNOSIS IN INDUCTION MACHINES UNDER FIXED SPEED By CHAMPENOIS GeRard; GAUBERT Jean Paul ; BACHIR Smail; TNANI Slim	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In this paper, authors proposes a new monitoring technique of inter turns short circuit windings under fixed speed. This method is based on introduction of sinusoidal extra-signals to input voltage delivered by power inverter. For diagnosis, we proposed model of squirrel cage induction motors under stator faults. This model takes into account the effects of inter turn faults resulting in the shorting of one or more circuits of stator phase winding. The stator asymmetries caused in the faulty case are explained by the introduction of the short-circuit elements in the conventional Park’s model. Each short-circuit element allows faults detection and localization in the three stator windings.The estimation technique is performed by taking into account prior information available on the safe system operating in nominal conditions. Experimental test results show the good agreement between the real faults and their estimations and demonstrate the detection and localization possibilities of this predictive failure detection technique.

	Parameters of the Magnetic Core and Parasitic Structure in RF SMPS Circuit By Pavel Hrzina; Jaroslav Žácek	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This article describes the system for measurement of parasitic parameters of designed SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) structures operating at frequencies of hundreds of kHz. The method uses a comparison between simulation results and practical measurement. For simulation the most popular circuit simulators as PSPICE, PSIM, SIMULINK can be applied.