EPE Association: EPE 2014 - DS3i: e-Mobility: Batteries and Management Systems; Chargers and Standards

EPE 2014 - DS3i: e-Mobility: Batteries and Management Systems; Chargers and Standards
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2014 ECCE Europe - Conference > EPE 2014 - Topic 08: e-Mobility > EPE 2014 - DS3i: e-Mobility: Batteries and Management Systems; Chargers and Standards

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   A Dynamic Model of the Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles
By Sarp Guney CIMEN, Benedikt SCHMUELLING [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Bidirectional inductive power transfer systems allow contactless energy transfer between stationaryelectricity source and movable consumers (both sides) in each direction. By using this system, electricvehicles can operate as moving energy resources, able to inject electrical energy back into the powergrid. Fundamentally, a mathematical model is required to design and optionally to control these systemsdue to their complexity. This paper deals with the dynamic model of a bidirectional-inductive powertransfer system as well as with its analysis.

   A New Resonant IPT Wireless V2H System with Bidirectional Single-Ended Inverter
By Hiroki FUKUOKA, Hideki OMORI, Toshimitsu MORIZANE, Noriyuki KIMURA, Yoshimichi NAKAMURA, Mutsuo NAKAOKA [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Electric vehicles (EV) offer promise as an effective solution to environmental problems. One of the keys to their successful diffusion is the provision of adequate battery charging infrastructure. In order to create a charging infrastructure by installing equipment in such as locations as carports in private homes, the wireless battery charging system is very suitable. EVs can be used in smart house systems to supplement the energy storage. This vehicle to home (V2H) system essentially requires a bidirectional power transfer feature between the EV and home. This paper presents a new bidirectional inductive power transfer (IPT) system for wireless V2H with simplest components and low cost aiming at wide diffusion for home use. Proposed is a novel type of bidirectional wireless EV charging system with an efficient and compact type single-ended quasi-resonant high-frequency inverter for V2H.

   A New Robust Digital Control of an Induction Motor Supplied by a 3-Level Voltage Inverter for Electric Vehicle Applications
By Kambiz ARAB TEHRANI [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper aims to provide a robust control system for an induction motor (IM) used in electric vehicle (EV). A digital RST controller is designed to reduce response time without overshoot speed. High-dynamic performance is obtained by using the indirect stator-flux-oriented control (ISFOC) and the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). In this paper, a three level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) has been used for electric vehicle applications. Multilevel converters can generate the output voltages with very low distortion and can reduce the dv/dt stresses; moreover, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems can be reduced. The simulation results show the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approaches.

   A practical investigation of a high power, bidirectional inductive charging system for electric vehicles
By Johannes TRITSCHLER, Stefan REICHERT, Benriah GOELDI [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In the last few years, there has been a very high interest in inductive charging systems for electric vehicles, as they have many advantages compared to cable connected solutions. The power rating of most of these systems is kept around 3.3 kW, which leads to very long charging times.The following paper presents an inductive charging system rated for a high power level of 22 kW. A series-series resonant circuit proves to be very efficient, as high circulating currents, present in parallel compensated systems, are avoided. To reduce switching and conduction losses, but also the size of the whole system, SiC-MOSFETs are used. For the control of the inductive transmission path, several methods are presented and a pulse density modulation (PDM) is investigated and experimentally evaluated.

   A Review of On-board Integrated Chargers for Electric Vehicles
By Nadim SAKR, Daniel SADARNAC, Alain GASCHER [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) use grid power to charge their batteries. Because the battery is charged only when the car is parked -except for regeneration at braking-, using the on-board traction system components to form an integrated charging device is made possible. This paper presents a review of on-board integrated EV chargers and design criteria. It is aimed at presenting a state of the art on the integrated chargers to researchers, designers, and engineers. A classified list of around 70 research articles is also appended for a quick reference.

   Case Study: Smart Charging Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Test Environment with Vehicle-To-Grid Ability
By Ville TIKKA, Henri MAKKONEN, Jukka LASSILA, Jarmo PARTANEN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The aim of the paper is to describe and introduce smart charging test environment and plug-in hybrid vehicle capable of smart charging and vehicle to grid functionality. Furthermore, the paper aims at demonstrating simple smart charging strategy in operation on smart charging test bed. The demonstration utilizes commercially available components and open source programming solutions. Charging strategy demonstration is a combination of actual hardware operations and stochastic sampling to synthetize driving cycles of the electric vehicle. Driving behavior synthetizing is based on national travel survey data to ensure reasonable driving behavior in testing of the smart charging strategy. The main outcome of the paper is the description of an actual smart charging test environment. The results also suggest that the charging strategy targeting to minimization of the charging costs may not be feasible for a single customer or single end user. However it must borne in mind that the electricity retailer (or market aggregator) may see some feasible incentives in smart charging strategies based on market price control.

   Considerations to choose an appropriate charger topology for plug-in electric vehicles
By Mounir MARZOUK, Jean-Paul FERRIEUX, David FREY [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This article deals with a comparison between several embedded battery charger structures including 2 and 3 levels rectifiers. Each battery charger will be presented, in order to study its performances such as losses, impact on passive elements design, and EMC generation.

   Demonstration of Smart Charging Interface in Green Campus
By Henri MAKKONEN, Ville TIKKA, Jukka LASSILA, Jarmo PARTANEN, Pertti SILVENTOINEN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In this paper, a description of a smart charging interface in an actual smart grid environment is presented. In addition, some results of controlled smart charging events are shown. The smart charging interface in Green Campus Smart Grid allows handling and controlling multiple electric vehicles (EVs) within the campus area based on information from the EVs and other sources. Furthermore, the interface is uniformed to allow connection of different types of loads and generation units. With the information gathered by the interfaces, the smart charging system is able to form a charging window for the connected EVs and is also capable to perform power and energy balancing with the mobile energy storages which the EVs provide. In addition, the connected EVs can be used as a backup power if the EVs are suitable for V2G (vehicle to grid). The data connection between the EVs and the charging pole is implemented with power line communication (PLC) and the charging poles are connected to the smart charging system with Ethernet.

   Design and Modelling of Inductive Chargers for Electric Vehicle Charging using Primary Side Control
By Jonathan ROBINSON, Tobias WELLING, Fainan HASSAN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper derives analytical models for designing inductive chargers for electric vehicles intended tobe charged with only primary side charger control. Designs with series or parallel resonant capacitorson the output of the secondary winding are compared. A design optimization methodology is given forcomponent selection and maximizing converter efficiency for a range of parameters. Analysis of thepower output for varying frequency show that the series secondary topology has lower secondary currentfor the same power rating and will be easier to tune and control the output power. The parallel topologyoffers a possible better overall efficiency but is more difficult to design and control. Simulation and testresults show excellent correspondence between the analytical models and an example design.

   Electric Vehicle Multiport Fast Charger Based on the Active Power Electronic Transformer Concept
By Tanel JALAKAS, Indrek ROASTO, Dmitri VINNIKOV, Javier GALLARDO-LOZANO, Enrique ROMERO-CADAVAL [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper describes a new multiport fast charger for an electric vehicle based on the concept of the active power electronic transformer. Energy sources, chargeable batteries and storages are connected together via a common multi-winding transformer and simple full-bridge inverters. The theoretical control principles and the proposed topology are verified by computer simulations.

   Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Online Battery Monitoring Power Electronics Control
By Reinhold KOCH, ILYA ZILBERMAN, Andreas JOSSEN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Online diagnostics for monitoring of battery cells in a battery pack is necessary in order to determine the state of the battery pack, like its age and safe operation. It could also provide the possibility to adjust the operation strategy of the battery management system and the load to increase the battery lifetime and safety. Impedance spectroscopy is a well-known measurement technique for electrochemical systems, such as a battery half-cell. Once the method is implemented in the battery management system and performed online during operation it could provide a monitoring system for the whole pack. Current solutions are either inaccurate or too big, expensive and energy inefficient. The presented approach proposes a dual use of the battery charger which incorporates a switched mode amplifier to generate the stimuli current necessary to perform an electro impedance spectroscopy. A suitable control is designed to overcome the non-linearities and instabilities introduced by the output filter and the current crossover effects of the electronic switches. This inexpensive, energy efficient technology could allow impedance monitoring of every cell in the battery pack and make a better prediction of the state of the battery possible.

   Load dependent Power Control in Series-Series compensated Electric Vehicle Inductive Power Transfer Systems
By Marinus PETERSEN, Friedrich Wilhelm FUCHS [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In inductive battery charging systems for electric vehicles the power flow to the battery has to be controlled according to the battery state of charge (SOC), the magnetic coupling between primary and secondary side and other operation parameters. It is well known that the output power can be controlled by fixed frequency or variable frequency techniques applied to the high-frequency inverter (HFI). Furthermore an additional DC/DC converter can be used to adjust the input voltage of the HFI. These three techniques are analyzed and compared by theory and laboratory measurement. It results in using an additional DC/DC converter is the best option with the best efficiency at full load. Nevertheless this technique has the highest component count and therefore the highest costs. Another technique is Asymmetric Dutycycle Control (ADC) which reaches the second best efficiency. In contrast to DC/DC converter control there is no need for additional components making this technique a good choice. Furthermore this analysis reveals that Symmetric Dutycycle Control (SDC) and Phase Shift Control (PSC) as well as Variable Frequency Control (VFC) techniques cannot compete in terms of efficiency.

EPE 2014 - DS3i: e-Mobility: Batteries and Management Systems; Chargers and Standards
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2014 ECCE Europe - Conference > EPE 2014 - Topic 08: e-Mobility > EPE 2014 - DS3i: e-Mobility: Batteries and Management Systems; Chargers and Standards
	[return to parent folder]

	A Dynamic Model of the Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles By Sarp Guney CIMEN, Benedikt SCHMUELLING	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Bidirectional inductive power transfer systems allow contactless energy transfer between stationaryelectricity source and movable consumers (both sides) in each direction. By using this system, electricvehicles can operate as moving energy resources, able to inject electrical energy back into the powergrid. Fundamentally, a mathematical model is required to design and optionally to control these systemsdue to their complexity. This paper deals with the dynamic model of a bidirectional-inductive powertransfer system as well as with its analysis.

	A New Resonant IPT Wireless V2H System with Bidirectional Single-Ended Inverter By Hiroki FUKUOKA, Hideki OMORI, Toshimitsu MORIZANE, Noriyuki KIMURA, Yoshimichi NAKAMURA, Mutsuo NAKAOKA	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Electric vehicles (EV) offer promise as an effective solution to environmental problems. One of the keys to their successful diffusion is the provision of adequate battery charging infrastructure. In order to create a charging infrastructure by installing equipment in such as locations as carports in private homes, the wireless battery charging system is very suitable. EVs can be used in smart house systems to supplement the energy storage. This vehicle to home (V2H) system essentially requires a bidirectional power transfer feature between the EV and home. This paper presents a new bidirectional inductive power transfer (IPT) system for wireless V2H with simplest components and low cost aiming at wide diffusion for home use. Proposed is a novel type of bidirectional wireless EV charging system with an efficient and compact type single-ended quasi-resonant high-frequency inverter for V2H.

	A New Robust Digital Control of an Induction Motor Supplied by a 3-Level Voltage Inverter for Electric Vehicle Applications By Kambiz ARAB TEHRANI	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper aims to provide a robust control system for an induction motor (IM) used in electric vehicle (EV). A digital RST controller is designed to reduce response time without overshoot speed. High-dynamic performance is obtained by using the indirect stator-flux-oriented control (ISFOC) and the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). In this paper, a three level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) has been used for electric vehicle applications. Multilevel converters can generate the output voltages with very low distortion and can reduce the dv/dt stresses; moreover, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems can be reduced. The simulation results show the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approaches.

	A practical investigation of a high power, bidirectional inductive charging system for electric vehicles By Johannes TRITSCHLER, Stefan REICHERT, Benriah GOELDI	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In the last few years, there has been a very high interest in inductive charging systems for electric vehicles, as they have many advantages compared to cable connected solutions. The power rating of most of these systems is kept around 3.3 kW, which leads to very long charging times.The following paper presents an inductive charging system rated for a high power level of 22 kW. A series-series resonant circuit proves to be very efficient, as high circulating currents, present in parallel compensated systems, are avoided. To reduce switching and conduction losses, but also the size of the whole system, SiC-MOSFETs are used. For the control of the inductive transmission path, several methods are presented and a pulse density modulation (PDM) is investigated and experimentally evaluated.

	A Review of On-board Integrated Chargers for Electric Vehicles By Nadim SAKR, Daniel SADARNAC, Alain GASCHER	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) use grid power to charge their batteries. Because the battery is charged only when the car is parked -except for regeneration at braking-, using the on-board traction system components to form an integrated charging device is made possible. This paper presents a review of on-board integrated EV chargers and design criteria. It is aimed at presenting a state of the art on the integrated chargers to researchers, designers, and engineers. A classified list of around 70 research articles is also appended for a quick reference.

	Case Study: Smart Charging Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Test Environment with Vehicle-To-Grid Ability By Ville TIKKA, Henri MAKKONEN, Jukka LASSILA, Jarmo PARTANEN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The aim of the paper is to describe and introduce smart charging test environment and plug-in hybrid vehicle capable of smart charging and vehicle to grid functionality. Furthermore, the paper aims at demonstrating simple smart charging strategy in operation on smart charging test bed. The demonstration utilizes commercially available components and open source programming solutions. Charging strategy demonstration is a combination of actual hardware operations and stochastic sampling to synthetize driving cycles of the electric vehicle. Driving behavior synthetizing is based on national travel survey data to ensure reasonable driving behavior in testing of the smart charging strategy. The main outcome of the paper is the description of an actual smart charging test environment. The results also suggest that the charging strategy targeting to minimization of the charging costs may not be feasible for a single customer or single end user. However it must borne in mind that the electricity retailer (or market aggregator) may see some feasible incentives in smart charging strategies based on market price control.

	Considerations to choose an appropriate charger topology for plug-in electric vehicles By Mounir MARZOUK, Jean-Paul FERRIEUX, David FREY	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This article deals with a comparison between several embedded battery charger structures including 2 and 3 levels rectifiers. Each battery charger will be presented, in order to study its performances such as losses, impact on passive elements design, and EMC generation.

	Demonstration of Smart Charging Interface in Green Campus By Henri MAKKONEN, Ville TIKKA, Jukka LASSILA, Jarmo PARTANEN, Pertti SILVENTOINEN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In this paper, a description of a smart charging interface in an actual smart grid environment is presented. In addition, some results of controlled smart charging events are shown. The smart charging interface in Green Campus Smart Grid allows handling and controlling multiple electric vehicles (EVs) within the campus area based on information from the EVs and other sources. Furthermore, the interface is uniformed to allow connection of different types of loads and generation units. With the information gathered by the interfaces, the smart charging system is able to form a charging window for the connected EVs and is also capable to perform power and energy balancing with the mobile energy storages which the EVs provide. In addition, the connected EVs can be used as a backup power if the EVs are suitable for V2G (vehicle to grid). The data connection between the EVs and the charging pole is implemented with power line communication (PLC) and the charging poles are connected to the smart charging system with Ethernet.

	Design and Modelling of Inductive Chargers for Electric Vehicle Charging using Primary Side Control By Jonathan ROBINSON, Tobias WELLING, Fainan HASSAN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper derives analytical models for designing inductive chargers for electric vehicles intended tobe charged with only primary side charger control. Designs with series or parallel resonant capacitorson the output of the secondary winding are compared. A design optimization methodology is given forcomponent selection and maximizing converter efficiency for a range of parameters. Analysis of thepower output for varying frequency show that the series secondary topology has lower secondary currentfor the same power rating and will be easier to tune and control the output power. The parallel topologyoffers a possible better overall efficiency but is more difficult to design and control. Simulation and testresults show excellent correspondence between the analytical models and an example design.

	Electric Vehicle Multiport Fast Charger Based on the Active Power Electronic Transformer Concept By Tanel JALAKAS, Indrek ROASTO, Dmitri VINNIKOV, Javier GALLARDO-LOZANO, Enrique ROMERO-CADAVAL	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper describes a new multiport fast charger for an electric vehicle based on the concept of the active power electronic transformer. Energy sources, chargeable batteries and storages are connected together via a common multi-winding transformer and simple full-bridge inverters. The theoretical control principles and the proposed topology are verified by computer simulations.

	Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Online Battery Monitoring Power Electronics Control By Reinhold KOCH, ILYA ZILBERMAN, Andreas JOSSEN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Online diagnostics for monitoring of battery cells in a battery pack is necessary in order to determine the state of the battery pack, like its age and safe operation. It could also provide the possibility to adjust the operation strategy of the battery management system and the load to increase the battery lifetime and safety. Impedance spectroscopy is a well-known measurement technique for electrochemical systems, such as a battery half-cell. Once the method is implemented in the battery management system and performed online during operation it could provide a monitoring system for the whole pack. Current solutions are either inaccurate or too big, expensive and energy inefficient. The presented approach proposes a dual use of the battery charger which incorporates a switched mode amplifier to generate the stimuli current necessary to perform an electro impedance spectroscopy. A suitable control is designed to overcome the non-linearities and instabilities introduced by the output filter and the current crossover effects of the electronic switches. This inexpensive, energy efficient technology could allow impedance monitoring of every cell in the battery pack and make a better prediction of the state of the battery possible.

	Load dependent Power Control in Series-Series compensated Electric Vehicle Inductive Power Transfer Systems By Marinus PETERSEN, Friedrich Wilhelm FUCHS	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In inductive battery charging systems for electric vehicles the power flow to the battery has to be controlled according to the battery state of charge (SOC), the magnetic coupling between primary and secondary side and other operation parameters. It is well known that the output power can be controlled by fixed frequency or variable frequency techniques applied to the high-frequency inverter (HFI). Furthermore an additional DC/DC converter can be used to adjust the input voltage of the HFI. These three techniques are analyzed and compared by theory and laboratory measurement. It results in using an additional DC/DC converter is the best option with the best efficiency at full load. Nevertheless this technique has the highest component count and therefore the highest costs. Another technique is Asymmetric Dutycycle Control (ADC) which reaches the second best efficiency. In contrast to DC/DC converter control there is no need for additional components making this technique a good choice. Furthermore this analysis reveals that Symmetric Dutycycle Control (SDC) and Phase Shift Control (PSC) as well as Variable Frequency Control (VFC) techniques cannot compete in terms of efficiency.