EPE Association: EPE 2007 - Subtopic 14-6 - DS: Power conditioning, power factor correction, storage of electrical energy, low frequency EMC problems

EPE 2007 - Subtopic 14-6 - DS: Power conditioning, power factor correction, storage of electrical energy, low frequency EMC problems
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2007 - Conference > EPE 2007 - Topic 14: 'Transmission and distribution of electrical energy' > EPE 2007 - Subtopic 14-6 - DS: Power conditioning, power factor correction, storage of electrical energy, low frequency EMC problems

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   600kJ High Temperature SMES-based Sag Compensator
By WOO Myung-Ho [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper introduces the voltage sag compensator with a new type of energy storage element. As an energy storage element, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), which is consisted of Bi-2212 conductor and has an energy storage capacity of 600kJ, is used to mitigate instantaneous voltage drops in distribution networks connected to several crucial loads. System descriptions on the power circuit topology of the voltage sag compensator and its control method are made. And several simulation results are also presented to verify the validity of the presented voltage sag compensator. And, several scale-down experimental works to achieve the experimental verifications are included.

   A MULTI-PULSE DIODE RECTIFIER WITH A COUPLED THREE-PHASE REACTOR AND ADDITIONAL SMALL SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER
By MYSIAK Piotr; STRZELECKI Ryszard; ZINOVIEV Gennady S.; WOJCIECHOWSKI Daniel [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The article presents the principle of operation and results of laboratory and simulation tests of a multi-pulse power network converter systems with direct-current voltage output, mating with shunt active power filter (APF). The discussed systems allow for significant reduction of undesirable higher harmonics in the power network current, including the elimination of harmonics of an order of 23 and 25, especially in the local power network supply conditions. The multi-pulse nature of operation of the system is obtained using set of coupled three-phase power network reactors (CTR).

   EMC ISSUES OF CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
By DRABEK Pavel; KUS Vaclav [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Power electronic converters produce not only characteristic harmonics, but also both non-characteristic harmonics and interharmonics. This paper presents the physical background of both non-characteristic harmonics and interharmonics. Generation causes are explored and discussed in detail. Extensive series of simulation of different causes of harmonics arising have been provided and some of them are compared with experimental results and existing standards. This research offers missing background for standards covering low-frequency EMC.

   Harmonic Suppression Technology of Three-Phase Diode Rectifier Based on Third Harmonic Current Injection
By XIAOQING Li; GUOZHU Chen [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The approaches to reduce input current's harmonics of three-phase diode rectifier based on injection of third harmonic current is studied in this paper. Two ways, the passive and the active, of implementation of injection are introduced. The mechanism of THD reduction and the structure of star-connected capacitors are introduced. Because it tunes at frequency of third harmonics with serial resonance, the passive circuit enhances the efficiency of circulating current with limited voltage source. Optimal injection conditions and characteristics of the circuit are also given in details. While the active method, which adds an ac voltage regulation circuit to the passive and based on Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) technology is investigated too. It acts as a controllable resistor so that the third injection current can be controlled according to the optimal condition. Results of simulation and experiments show: the passive approach has acceptable harmonic suppression performance in certain cases, while the active one is more suitable for the application of wide-range variable loads or higher performance required.

   Implementation of a Control Strategy for PFC with FPGA
By MOHR Hari; MUSSA Samir; DAQUINO Felipe; ALCALDE Andre [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper presents the study and implementation of a single-phase pre-regulator rectifier with digital control using the FPGA technology. The control technique used aims to obtain power factor correction (PFC) based on average current mode control. The rectifier is a single-phase voltage doubler with a center tap at the voltage output. The FPGA used in the project is an ALTERA Â® Cyclone II EP2C35F672C6, present on the kit DE2, which is a low-cost FPGA with low-consumption at a great speed. The output power of prototype implemented was around 1000 W. In this project it was just considered the use of the current loop, in other words, just the control of the input current was implemented. The regulation of the output voltages was implemented in another paper using DSP, according to [4].

   Interleaved Boost Converter System for Unity Power Factor Operation
By GARINTO Dodi [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In this paper, a very unique boost converter system with a combination of interleaving and zero-ripple techniques for power factor correction (PFC) is proposed. The converter allows clean power in the universal ac line (90 Vac to 265 Vac) and compliance with any standards or regulations. The converter is designed in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) operation to reduce the system complexity and to eliminate diode reverse recovery loss. This can remove EMI filter without sacrificing the input current harmonics. Consequently, high density PFC converter with low cost can be achieved. Simulation results are given to validate the predicted behavior.

   Modeling and Simulation of Controlled Bi-directional Power Electronic Converters in a DC Energy Distribution Line with AC Grid- and Motor-Side Active Filtering
By IMECS Maria; SZABO Csaba; INCZE Ioan Iov [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The paper deals with the modelling and simulation of the bi-directional power flow through different type of power electronic converters connected to a DC-energy distribution line, which is supplied from the AC grid by means a square-wave rectifier with active current filtering at unity power factor. The DC line is supplying more vector controlled AC drives, like PWM voltage-source inverter-fed field-oriented medium power induction motor and PM synchronous motor drives. There is connected also a high power induction motor drive fed by a tandem hybrid frequency converter containing of a high power current-source inverter for energy transfer and a low power voltage-source one for active filtering of the motor currents. The two DC-links of the component inverters are coupled by means of a two quadrant DC chopper. The modeling of the power electronic converters is based on circuit techniques, according to a similar method like the quadripole theory and not on circuit-oriented simulation concept. The simulation structures are containing blocks with two inputs and two outputs, one for the current and one for the voltage on each part of the quadripole. Each converter is consisting of a current-model- and a voltage-model-based block, which are coupled together by means of the commutation- or PWM-logic signals. The PWM converters (inverter, rectifier and active filter) are controlled with current feedback modulation at constant switching frequency. The square-wave rectifier and the DC-link chopper have "reverse" model versus the PWM converters, concerning the inputs and outputs with respect to the energy flow. The simulations were made in MATLAB-Simulink environment. The simulation structures built in MATLAB/Simulink are suitable for easy implementation of the motor and converter control structues due to the connection between the simulation environment and the hardware platform by means of dSPACE controller board.

   MODIFIED DOUBLE-MODULAITON SIGNAL PWM CONTROL FOR D-STATCOM USING FIVE-LEVEL DOUBLE CONVERTER
By KIMURA Noriyuki; MORIZANE Toshimitsu; TANIGUCHI Katsunori; NISHIDA Yasuyuki [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper suggests the new modulation method of the multi-level double converter system used for Static Synchronous Compensator for distribution power system (D-STATCOM). The proposed modulation method can change the modulation factor for each level of the converter to control the balance of each dc capacitor voltage and also can reduce the higher harmonics and the switching loss.

   Neural Network Controlled Voltage Disturbance Detector and Output Voltage Regulator for Dynamic Voltage Restorer
By CHOE J.W.; CHUNG Y.H.; KIM S.H.; KIM H.J; KWON G.H.; PARK T.B.; KIM K.S. [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper describes the high power DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorer) with the neural network controlled voltage disturbance detector and output voltage regulator. Two essential parts of DVR control are how to detect the voltage disturbance such as voltage sag and how to compensate it as fast as possible respectively. The new voltage disturbance detector was implemented by using the delta rule of the neural network control. Through the proposed method, we can instantaneously track the amplitude of each phase voltage under the severe unbalanced voltage conditions. Compared to the conventional synchronous reference frame method, the proposed one shows the minimum time delay to determine the instance of the voltage disturbance event. Also a modified d-q transformed voltage regulator for single phase inverter was adopted to obtain the fast dynamic response and the robustness, where three independent single phase inverters are controlled by using the amplitude of source voltage obtained by neural network controller. By using the proposed voltage regulator, the voltage disturbance such as voltage sag can be compensated quickly to the nominal voltage level. The proposed disturbance detector and the voltage regulator were applied to the high power DVR (1000kVA@440V) that was developed for the application of semiconductor manufacture plant. The performances of the proposed DVR control were verified through computer simulation and experimental results. Finally, conclusions are given.

   SINGLE-PHASE HYBRID TRANSFORMER USING MATRIX-REACTANCE CHOPPER WITH ĆUK TOPOLOGY
By KANIEWSKI Jacek; KLYTTA Marius; FEDYCZAK Zbigniew [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper deals with the modelling and analysis of a new solution for a single-phase AC transformer with electromagnetic and electric coupling (hybrid coupling). The electromagnetic coupling is realized by means of the conventional transformer (TR) with two secondary windings. The electrical coupling is realized by means of a matrix-reactance chopper (MRC) whit Ćuk topology, which is supplied from an auxiliary secondary winding of the transformer. This paper presents an operational description, a modelling and a theoretical analysis of the properties of the proposed solution. The steady-state analysis is based on the averaged state-space method and four terminal descriptions, and is verified both by means of the simulation and experimental investigations.

   Tap Changer for Distributed Power
By OATES Colin [View]
[Download]

Abstract: United Utilities have identified that the introduction of Combined Heat and Power plant (CHP) into a new estate within their LV distribution network will give rise to the possibility of reversal of power flow through the Distribution Transformer at periods of low loading with consequent rise in line voltage. Since such a voltage might be outside the statutory limits, a cost effective method of limiting this voltage is essential. The solution identified is to switch between two predefined taps on the Distribution Transformer at preset times of the day based on historical loading data. Areva T&D have been studying advanced techniques for on-load tap changers (OLTC) resulting in several novel designs being demonstrated in the laboratory. The techniques are principally aimed at OLTC diverters for power transmission and have considered a range of technologies. The present tap changer uses a vacuum switch arrangement combined with a commutation circuit powered from the tap voltage. Modern control principles are required to obtain accurate point on wave switching, however the tap changer is operated from a single armature to give a simple and reliable scheme. The power circuit fits within a casing that integrates with the transformer tank, raising its height by 300mm. The control is separate from the power circuit and fits into wall-mounted cabinet. Either a preset time setting or the secondary RMS voltage level can initiate a tap change according to a switch setting on the control unit. In both cases care has been taken to prevent the possibility of the tap change operation "hunting". The development is well advanced and should be ready to go into trial service in late 2007.

   The Control and Structure of the Power Electronic System Supplying the Flywheel Energy Storage (FES)
By SIOSTRZONEK Tomasz; PIROG Stanislaw; PENCZEK Adam [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The paper presents an experimental investigation of a flywheel energy storage system. The device is based on a flywheel concept and stores mechanical energy. This device contains a brushless DC motor supplied by an electronic commutator. A steel barrel performs the function of the flywheel. From the power network side this device is perceived as a resistive load. This is achieved owing to the use of the rectifier with sinusoidal source current.

   Transformerless Topologies for Future Stationary AC-Railway Power Supply
By RANNEBERG Jens [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Railways in several countries in Europe are operated with a 15kV 16 2/3Hz resp 16,7 Hz. These systems are often supplied from the 50Hz three-phase system by static frequency converters (SFC). The disadvantages related to the single-phase converter transformer are itemized. Transformerless topologies with corresponding power semiconductors are given and evaluated.

EPE 2007 - Subtopic 14-6 - DS: Power conditioning, power factor correction, storage of electrical energy, low frequency EMC problems
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2007 - Conference > EPE 2007 - Topic 14: 'Transmission and distribution of electrical energy' > EPE 2007 - Subtopic 14-6 - DS: Power conditioning, power factor correction, storage of electrical energy, low frequency EMC problems
	[return to parent folder]

	600kJ High Temperature SMES-based Sag Compensator By WOO Myung-Ho	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper introduces the voltage sag compensator with a new type of energy storage element. As an energy storage element, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), which is consisted of Bi-2212 conductor and has an energy storage capacity of 600kJ, is used to mitigate instantaneous voltage drops in distribution networks connected to several crucial loads. System descriptions on the power circuit topology of the voltage sag compensator and its control method are made. And several simulation results are also presented to verify the validity of the presented voltage sag compensator. And, several scale-down experimental works to achieve the experimental verifications are included.

	A MULTI-PULSE DIODE RECTIFIER WITH A COUPLED THREE-PHASE REACTOR AND ADDITIONAL SMALL SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER By MYSIAK Piotr; STRZELECKI Ryszard; ZINOVIEV Gennady S.; WOJCIECHOWSKI Daniel	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The article presents the principle of operation and results of laboratory and simulation tests of a multi-pulse power network converter systems with direct-current voltage output, mating with shunt active power filter (APF). The discussed systems allow for significant reduction of undesirable higher harmonics in the power network current, including the elimination of harmonics of an order of 23 and 25, especially in the local power network supply conditions. The multi-pulse nature of operation of the system is obtained using set of coupled three-phase power network reactors (CTR).

	EMC ISSUES OF CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS By DRABEK Pavel; KUS Vaclav	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Power electronic converters produce not only characteristic harmonics, but also both non-characteristic harmonics and interharmonics. This paper presents the physical background of both non-characteristic harmonics and interharmonics. Generation causes are explored and discussed in detail. Extensive series of simulation of different causes of harmonics arising have been provided and some of them are compared with experimental results and existing standards. This research offers missing background for standards covering low-frequency EMC.

	Harmonic Suppression Technology of Three-Phase Diode Rectifier Based on Third Harmonic Current Injection By XIAOQING Li; GUOZHU Chen	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The approaches to reduce input current's harmonics of three-phase diode rectifier based on injection of third harmonic current is studied in this paper. Two ways, the passive and the active, of implementation of injection are introduced. The mechanism of THD reduction and the structure of star-connected capacitors are introduced. Because it tunes at frequency of third harmonics with serial resonance, the passive circuit enhances the efficiency of circulating current with limited voltage source. Optimal injection conditions and characteristics of the circuit are also given in details. While the active method, which adds an ac voltage regulation circuit to the passive and based on Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) technology is investigated too. It acts as a controllable resistor so that the third injection current can be controlled according to the optimal condition. Results of simulation and experiments show: the passive approach has acceptable harmonic suppression performance in certain cases, while the active one is more suitable for the application of wide-range variable loads or higher performance required.

	Implementation of a Control Strategy for PFC with FPGA By MOHR Hari; MUSSA Samir; DAQUINO Felipe; ALCALDE Andre	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents the study and implementation of a single-phase pre-regulator rectifier with digital control using the FPGA technology. The control technique used aims to obtain power factor correction (PFC) based on average current mode control. The rectifier is a single-phase voltage doubler with a center tap at the voltage output. The FPGA used in the project is an ALTERA Â® Cyclone II EP2C35F672C6, present on the kit DE2, which is a low-cost FPGA with low-consumption at a great speed. The output power of prototype implemented was around 1000 W. In this project it was just considered the use of the current loop, in other words, just the control of the input current was implemented. The regulation of the output voltages was implemented in another paper using DSP, according to [4].

	Interleaved Boost Converter System for Unity Power Factor Operation By GARINTO Dodi	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In this paper, a very unique boost converter system with a combination of interleaving and zero-ripple techniques for power factor correction (PFC) is proposed. The converter allows clean power in the universal ac line (90 Vac to 265 Vac) and compliance with any standards or regulations. The converter is designed in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) operation to reduce the system complexity and to eliminate diode reverse recovery loss. This can remove EMI filter without sacrificing the input current harmonics. Consequently, high density PFC converter with low cost can be achieved. Simulation results are given to validate the predicted behavior.

	Modeling and Simulation of Controlled Bi-directional Power Electronic Converters in a DC Energy Distribution Line with AC Grid- and Motor-Side Active Filtering By IMECS Maria; SZABO Csaba; INCZE Ioan Iov	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The paper deals with the modelling and simulation of the bi-directional power flow through different type of power electronic converters connected to a DC-energy distribution line, which is supplied from the AC grid by means a square-wave rectifier with active current filtering at unity power factor. The DC line is supplying more vector controlled AC drives, like PWM voltage-source inverter-fed field-oriented medium power induction motor and PM synchronous motor drives. There is connected also a high power induction motor drive fed by a tandem hybrid frequency converter containing of a high power current-source inverter for energy transfer and a low power voltage-source one for active filtering of the motor currents. The two DC-links of the component inverters are coupled by means of a two quadrant DC chopper. The modeling of the power electronic converters is based on circuit techniques, according to a similar method like the quadripole theory and not on circuit-oriented simulation concept. The simulation structures are containing blocks with two inputs and two outputs, one for the current and one for the voltage on each part of the quadripole. Each converter is consisting of a current-model- and a voltage-model-based block, which are coupled together by means of the commutation- or PWM-logic signals. The PWM converters (inverter, rectifier and active filter) are controlled with current feedback modulation at constant switching frequency. The square-wave rectifier and the DC-link chopper have "reverse" model versus the PWM converters, concerning the inputs and outputs with respect to the energy flow. The simulations were made in MATLAB-Simulink environment. The simulation structures built in MATLAB/Simulink are suitable for easy implementation of the motor and converter control structues due to the connection between the simulation environment and the hardware platform by means of dSPACE controller board.

	MODIFIED DOUBLE-MODULAITON SIGNAL PWM CONTROL FOR D-STATCOM USING FIVE-LEVEL DOUBLE CONVERTER By KIMURA Noriyuki; MORIZANE Toshimitsu; TANIGUCHI Katsunori; NISHIDA Yasuyuki	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper suggests the new modulation method of the multi-level double converter system used for Static Synchronous Compensator for distribution power system (D-STATCOM). The proposed modulation method can change the modulation factor for each level of the converter to control the balance of each dc capacitor voltage and also can reduce the higher harmonics and the switching loss.

	Neural Network Controlled Voltage Disturbance Detector and Output Voltage Regulator for Dynamic Voltage Restorer By CHOE J.W.; CHUNG Y.H.; KIM S.H.; KIM H.J; KWON G.H.; PARK T.B.; KIM K.S.	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper describes the high power DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorer) with the neural network controlled voltage disturbance detector and output voltage regulator. Two essential parts of DVR control are how to detect the voltage disturbance such as voltage sag and how to compensate it as fast as possible respectively. The new voltage disturbance detector was implemented by using the delta rule of the neural network control. Through the proposed method, we can instantaneously track the amplitude of each phase voltage under the severe unbalanced voltage conditions. Compared to the conventional synchronous reference frame method, the proposed one shows the minimum time delay to determine the instance of the voltage disturbance event. Also a modified d-q transformed voltage regulator for single phase inverter was adopted to obtain the fast dynamic response and the robustness, where three independent single phase inverters are controlled by using the amplitude of source voltage obtained by neural network controller. By using the proposed voltage regulator, the voltage disturbance such as voltage sag can be compensated quickly to the nominal voltage level. The proposed disturbance detector and the voltage regulator were applied to the high power DVR (1000kVA@440V) that was developed for the application of semiconductor manufacture plant. The performances of the proposed DVR control were verified through computer simulation and experimental results. Finally, conclusions are given.

	SINGLE-PHASE HYBRID TRANSFORMER USING MATRIX-REACTANCE CHOPPER WITH ĆUK TOPOLOGY By KANIEWSKI Jacek; KLYTTA Marius; FEDYCZAK Zbigniew	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper deals with the modelling and analysis of a new solution for a single-phase AC transformer with electromagnetic and electric coupling (hybrid coupling). The electromagnetic coupling is realized by means of the conventional transformer (TR) with two secondary windings. The electrical coupling is realized by means of a matrix-reactance chopper (MRC) whit Ćuk topology, which is supplied from an auxiliary secondary winding of the transformer. This paper presents an operational description, a modelling and a theoretical analysis of the properties of the proposed solution. The steady-state analysis is based on the averaged state-space method and four terminal descriptions, and is verified both by means of the simulation and experimental investigations.

	Tap Changer for Distributed Power By OATES Colin	[View] [Download]
Abstract: United Utilities have identified that the introduction of Combined Heat and Power plant (CHP) into a new estate within their LV distribution network will give rise to the possibility of reversal of power flow through the Distribution Transformer at periods of low loading with consequent rise in line voltage. Since such a voltage might be outside the statutory limits, a cost effective method of limiting this voltage is essential. The solution identified is to switch between two predefined taps on the Distribution Transformer at preset times of the day based on historical loading data. Areva T&D have been studying advanced techniques for on-load tap changers (OLTC) resulting in several novel designs being demonstrated in the laboratory. The techniques are principally aimed at OLTC diverters for power transmission and have considered a range of technologies. The present tap changer uses a vacuum switch arrangement combined with a commutation circuit powered from the tap voltage. Modern control principles are required to obtain accurate point on wave switching, however the tap changer is operated from a single armature to give a simple and reliable scheme. The power circuit fits within a casing that integrates with the transformer tank, raising its height by 300mm. The control is separate from the power circuit and fits into wall-mounted cabinet. Either a preset time setting or the secondary RMS voltage level can initiate a tap change according to a switch setting on the control unit. In both cases care has been taken to prevent the possibility of the tap change operation "hunting". The development is well advanced and should be ready to go into trial service in late 2007.

	The Control and Structure of the Power Electronic System Supplying the Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) By SIOSTRZONEK Tomasz; PIROG Stanislaw; PENCZEK Adam	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The paper presents an experimental investigation of a flywheel energy storage system. The device is based on a flywheel concept and stores mechanical energy. This device contains a brushless DC motor supplied by an electronic commutator. A steel barrel performs the function of the flywheel. From the power network side this device is perceived as a resistive load. This is achieved owing to the use of the rectifier with sinusoidal source current.

	Transformerless Topologies for Future Stationary AC-Railway Power Supply By RANNEBERG Jens	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Railways in several countries in Europe are operated with a 15kV 16 2/3Hz resp 16,7 Hz. These systems are often supplied from the 50Hz three-phase system by static frequency converters (SFC). The disadvantages related to the single-phase converter transformer are itemized. Transformerless topologies with corresponding power semiconductors are given and evaluated.