EPE Association: EPE 2017 - DS3n: Power Converters and Propulsion Systems for Electric vehicles

EPE 2017 - DS3n: Power Converters and Propulsion Systems for Electric vehicles
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2017 ECCE Europe - Conference > EPE 2017 - Topic 08: e-Mobility > EPE 2017 - DS3n: Power Converters and Propulsion Systems for Electric vehicles

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   A Calorimetric Method for Measuring Power Losses in Power Semiconductor Modules
By Ajay Poonjal PAI [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In this paper, a calorimetric method is presented to measure the total inverter power losses, for the purpose ofvalidation of automotive main inverter mission profile analysis. Automotive main inverters operate in the partial load condition (less than a quarter of the nominal current) for more than 90\% of their operating time. The maingoal of this calorimetric method is to achieve less than 5\% uncertainty, especially in the low-lossy partial loadcondition. Such low uncertainty is particularly necessary for comparing two different semiconductor technologies,e.g., Silicon IGBT and Silicon Carbide MOSFET, where the difference in total losses can be expected in therange of 10-20\%. The proposed calorimetric method is experimentally compared to conventional power lossmeasurement techniques such as the electrical input-output based method or traditional calorimetric methods, and also simulations. The paper demonstrates that the proposed method is nearly as easy to perform as the electrical method. A detailed analysis of the sources of uncertainty is also performed.

   Energy Consumption of Electric Powertrain Architectures: a Comparative Study
By Edoardo Lorenzo BIANCHI [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have the potential to replace conventional vehicles, but the short driving range is currently limiting their diffusion. Using analytical methods this paper compares two electric powertrains with respect to energy consumption and efficiency: the standard single-motor architecture, derived from conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and equipped with a high-speed electric motor and a mechanical reduction system, versus the novel in-wheel direct drive topology. The potential benefits of a two-speed transmission to improve the driving range of battery electric vehicles are also studied. A backwards-simulation model from the wheels (load) to the battery (source) has been developed to simulate an EV during representative drive cycles. The results show superior performance of the in-wheel powertrain, which can provide up to 14\\% energy saving vs. the single-motor configuration thanks to the absence of mechanical transmission components and related power losses.Furthermore, the adoption of a two-speed gearbox on a single-motor electric vehicle doesn't provide any effective energy saving benefit versus a fixed reduction gear. On the contrary, it consumes more battery energy during urban driving, up to 7\\%, due to the lower efficiency of the multi-gear transmission compared to the single-speed type.

   Implementation of a Multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge Drive for an Ironless Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motor for Electric Vehicle Applications
By Kevin SUN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: A Multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge (MLCHB) converter was designed and implemented for the applicationof an Ironless Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (IAFPM) motor drive. This paper provides an analysis ofthe IAFPM motor and the performance of the converter's ripple current regulation capabilities. Lastly acomparison between the simulation and the experimental results is presented.

   Increasing modularity and accuracy of voltage source inverter loss model for automotive virtual testing
By Quentin WERNER [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper is focused on the analysis of voltage source inverter (VSI) loss model for automotive applications. The converter is generally integrated in a thermally challenging environment and requires therefore a reliable, modular and accurate model for their evaluation. This work analyses first the current methods for the evaluation and the calculation of the losses and then present different solutions to increase the accuracy and modularity of the model.

   Magnetically Integrated Isolated Bidirectional Three-Port DC-DC Converter
By Shuntaro INOUE [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper presents a magnetically integrated isolated bidirectional three-port DC-DC converter (TPC)that includes an integrated dual active bridge converter (DAB) and non-isolated bi-directional DC-DCconverter (NBC), each of which can be independently controlled. The proposed TPC simultaneouslyuses large, small, and magnetizing inductances, of which the small and magnetizing inductances areused for the DAB function, while the large inductance is used for the TPC function. The proposedmagnetic component can function as any of the three inductances in the TPC. We constructed a 750 W,175 kHz prototype of the proposed TPC along with an example of a conventional TPC and measuredtheir respective efficiencies. The results show the efficiencies of the integrated TPC were all above90\% across the entire range of output power and were nearly equal to those of the conventional device.However, compared to the conventional type, the magnetic components in the proposed converter were10\% smaller, and the overall size of the converter was 33\% smaller.

   Optimized Design of the Electric Power Train for Wheel Hub Drive Systems Without Friction Brakes
By Tobias KRONE [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Wheel hub drives provide the opportunity to control the torque at every wheel independently. Thus, safety functions like anti-lock braking system (ABS) or electronic stability control (ESC) can be implemented in the drives as well. This enables the substitution of friction brakes at the driven wheels by electric drives. In this paper, resulting requirements for the drive system are presented and an optimized power train topology for this application is developed. Therefore, an approach for the design process of an optimized power train and a comparison of different power train topologies regarding size and efficiency are given.

   Qualification and Verification of High-Power Battery Systems for Traction Application
By Johannes BÜDEL [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper reveals that the standard test procedures for the qualification and verification of traction battery systems are not sufficient in certain cases. In fact, realistic and application-oriented tests on the interaction among the complex battery subsystems are inevitable. To achieve these objectives, a highperformance test bench with the unique selling features of a high voltage/- and current range, extremely low ripple currents, and high dynamics is presented. For the operation of the applied multiphase currentsharing inverter for charging/discharging the device under test (DUT), special control algorithms, especially a current balancing control method, is introduced.

   Regenerative braking in electric scooters
By Daniel MONTESINOS-MIRACLE [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Electric urban vehicles are in the spotlight of society since its autonomy dependence is not that high.Electric motorcycles and scooters are actually already reliable urban vehicles for short journeys. Thesevehicles can have different configurations for their powertrains. In this paper an electric scooter model isdeveloped using Energetic Macroscopic Representation in order to analyze its braking and tractionsystems and determine by simulations, which is the best configuration for its powertrain from energyconsumption point of view.

   Space-Vector Frame Spectral Control of the Switching Distortion of an Automotive Drive Inverter
By Christian KORTE [View]
[Download]

Abstract: State-of-the-art modulation techniques, such as space-vector modulation for the generation of threephasealternating current, result in strong peaks in the output spectrum at the switching frequency andits harmonics. We present a space-vector implementation of a novel control scheme and modulator forcommercial electric vehicle inverters, that freely shapes the spectrum of the switching distortionaccording to a pre-defined ideal spectrum. Furthermore, the predictive control framework allows thepresented controller to actively reduce the switching rate of the converter, reducing switching loss. Thecontrol is implemented in the aß-space-vector frame, allowing the switching states of an inverter to bedirectly determined and modulated based on the optimal line-to-line voltage spectrum, decreasing themaximum dV/dt seen by the motor. Simulations and measurements are performed on a gallium nitrideinverter prototype, showing the ability to increase the spurious free dynamic range by up to 15 dBcompared to space-vector modulation, at a similar same switching rate.

EPE 2017 - DS3n: Power Converters and Propulsion Systems for Electric vehicles
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2017 ECCE Europe - Conference > EPE 2017 - Topic 08: e-Mobility > EPE 2017 - DS3n: Power Converters and Propulsion Systems for Electric vehicles
	[return to parent folder]

	A Calorimetric Method for Measuring Power Losses in Power Semiconductor Modules By Ajay Poonjal PAI	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In this paper, a calorimetric method is presented to measure the total inverter power losses, for the purpose ofvalidation of automotive main inverter mission profile analysis. Automotive main inverters operate in the partial load condition (less than a quarter of the nominal current) for more than 90\% of their operating time. The maingoal of this calorimetric method is to achieve less than 5\% uncertainty, especially in the low-lossy partial loadcondition. Such low uncertainty is particularly necessary for comparing two different semiconductor technologies,e.g., Silicon IGBT and Silicon Carbide MOSFET, where the difference in total losses can be expected in therange of 10-20\%. The proposed calorimetric method is experimentally compared to conventional power lossmeasurement techniques such as the electrical input-output based method or traditional calorimetric methods, and also simulations. The paper demonstrates that the proposed method is nearly as easy to perform as the electrical method. A detailed analysis of the sources of uncertainty is also performed.

	Energy Consumption of Electric Powertrain Architectures: a Comparative Study By Edoardo Lorenzo BIANCHI	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have the potential to replace conventional vehicles, but the short driving range is currently limiting their diffusion. Using analytical methods this paper compares two electric powertrains with respect to energy consumption and efficiency: the standard single-motor architecture, derived from conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and equipped with a high-speed electric motor and a mechanical reduction system, versus the novel in-wheel direct drive topology. The potential benefits of a two-speed transmission to improve the driving range of battery electric vehicles are also studied. A backwards-simulation model from the wheels (load) to the battery (source) has been developed to simulate an EV during representative drive cycles. The results show superior performance of the in-wheel powertrain, which can provide up to 14\\% energy saving vs. the single-motor configuration thanks to the absence of mechanical transmission components and related power losses.Furthermore, the adoption of a two-speed gearbox on a single-motor electric vehicle doesn't provide any effective energy saving benefit versus a fixed reduction gear. On the contrary, it consumes more battery energy during urban driving, up to 7\\%, due to the lower efficiency of the multi-gear transmission compared to the single-speed type.

	Implementation of a Multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge Drive for an Ironless Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motor for Electric Vehicle Applications By Kevin SUN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: A Multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge (MLCHB) converter was designed and implemented for the applicationof an Ironless Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (IAFPM) motor drive. This paper provides an analysis ofthe IAFPM motor and the performance of the converter's ripple current regulation capabilities. Lastly acomparison between the simulation and the experimental results is presented.

	Increasing modularity and accuracy of voltage source inverter loss model for automotive virtual testing By Quentin WERNER	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper is focused on the analysis of voltage source inverter (VSI) loss model for automotive applications. The converter is generally integrated in a thermally challenging environment and requires therefore a reliable, modular and accurate model for their evaluation. This work analyses first the current methods for the evaluation and the calculation of the losses and then present different solutions to increase the accuracy and modularity of the model.

	Magnetically Integrated Isolated Bidirectional Three-Port DC-DC Converter By Shuntaro INOUE	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a magnetically integrated isolated bidirectional three-port DC-DC converter (TPC)that includes an integrated dual active bridge converter (DAB) and non-isolated bi-directional DC-DCconverter (NBC), each of which can be independently controlled. The proposed TPC simultaneouslyuses large, small, and magnetizing inductances, of which the small and magnetizing inductances areused for the DAB function, while the large inductance is used for the TPC function. The proposedmagnetic component can function as any of the three inductances in the TPC. We constructed a 750 W,175 kHz prototype of the proposed TPC along with an example of a conventional TPC and measuredtheir respective efficiencies. The results show the efficiencies of the integrated TPC were all above90\% across the entire range of output power and were nearly equal to those of the conventional device.However, compared to the conventional type, the magnetic components in the proposed converter were10\% smaller, and the overall size of the converter was 33\% smaller.

	Optimized Design of the Electric Power Train for Wheel Hub Drive Systems Without Friction Brakes By Tobias KRONE	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Wheel hub drives provide the opportunity to control the torque at every wheel independently. Thus, safety functions like anti-lock braking system (ABS) or electronic stability control (ESC) can be implemented in the drives as well. This enables the substitution of friction brakes at the driven wheels by electric drives. In this paper, resulting requirements for the drive system are presented and an optimized power train topology for this application is developed. Therefore, an approach for the design process of an optimized power train and a comparison of different power train topologies regarding size and efficiency are given.

	Qualification and Verification of High-Power Battery Systems for Traction Application By Johannes BÜDEL	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper reveals that the standard test procedures for the qualification and verification of traction battery systems are not sufficient in certain cases. In fact, realistic and application-oriented tests on the interaction among the complex battery subsystems are inevitable. To achieve these objectives, a highperformance test bench with the unique selling features of a high voltage/- and current range, extremely low ripple currents, and high dynamics is presented. For the operation of the applied multiphase currentsharing inverter for charging/discharging the device under test (DUT), special control algorithms, especially a current balancing control method, is introduced.

	Regenerative braking in electric scooters By Daniel MONTESINOS-MIRACLE	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Electric urban vehicles are in the spotlight of society since its autonomy dependence is not that high.Electric motorcycles and scooters are actually already reliable urban vehicles for short journeys. Thesevehicles can have different configurations for their powertrains. In this paper an electric scooter model isdeveloped using Energetic Macroscopic Representation in order to analyze its braking and tractionsystems and determine by simulations, which is the best configuration for its powertrain from energyconsumption point of view.

	Space-Vector Frame Spectral Control of the Switching Distortion of an Automotive Drive Inverter By Christian KORTE	[View] [Download]
Abstract: State-of-the-art modulation techniques, such as space-vector modulation for the generation of threephasealternating current, result in strong peaks in the output spectrum at the switching frequency andits harmonics. We present a space-vector implementation of a novel control scheme and modulator forcommercial electric vehicle inverters, that freely shapes the spectrum of the switching distortionaccording to a pre-defined ideal spectrum. Furthermore, the predictive control framework allows thepresented controller to actively reduce the switching rate of the converter, reducing switching loss. Thecontrol is implemented in the aß-space-vector frame, allowing the switching states of an inverter to bedirectly determined and modulated based on the optimal line-to-line voltage spectrum, decreasing themaximum dV/dt seen by the motor. Simulations and measurements are performed on a gallium nitrideinverter prototype, showing the ability to increase the spurious free dynamic range by up to 15 dBcompared to space-vector modulation, at a similar same switching rate.