EPE Association: EPE 2011 - DS2a: Topic 18: Electrical Systems in Road Vehicles

EPE 2011 - DS2a: Topic 18: Electrical Systems in Road Vehicles
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2011 ECCE Europe - Conference > EPE 2011 - Topic 18: Electrical systems in Road Vehicles > EPE 2011 - DS2a: Topic 18: Electrical Systems in Road Vehicles

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   A MATLAB Simulink Model for Toyota Prius 2004 based on DOE reports
By Hiva NASIRI, Ahmad RADAN, Maziar PARIZADE, Abbas GHAYEBLOO [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In this paper, a dynamic model for Toyota Prius 2004 hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is presented. Themodel is based on MATLAB Simulink HEV model which is modified in such a way that dynamicresponse of model can be verified by experimental results given in DOE reports for Toyota Prius2004. The newly developed model can help the designers to enhance the performances of subsystems.

   A SEPIC LED Driver with a Hybrid Dimming Technique for Road Vehicles
By Yuan-Ta HSIEH, Bin-Da LIU, Jian-Fu WU, Chiao-Li FANG, Hann-Huei TSAI, Ying-Zong JUANG [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) are commonly used for backlighting and lighting applications. For LEDs to be used as lighting or backlighting sources for vehicles, it is important to simplify the dimming scheme for LED drivers. Since the number of required LEDs varies with application, a single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) topology is suitable for the LED drivers to operate in a single battery system. In this paper, a SEPIC LED driver with a hybrid dimming scheme is proposed for vehicle lighting and backlighting applications. The proposed scheme reduces the wiring complexity of vehicles and the cost of LED drivers.

   Analysis and Comparison of Performance Evaluation Methods of Battery Electric Vehicles
By Yong CHEN, Zhenpo WANG [View]
[Download]

Abstract: It is very important for a battery electric vehicle to improve energy utilization efficiency because of limited energy storage on board. According to different viewpoint and requirements for battery electric vehicles, four kinds of evaluation methods were established, respectively. Analysis and comparison between different evaluation methods were performed with the help of simulation and bus demonstration operation in Beijing city, which are helpful to the optimization of drivetrain configuration and to improve energy efficiency in battery electric vehicles.

   Analysis of an inductive charging system for a commercial electric vehicle
By Duarte SOUSA, André NEVES, José TERRAS, António ROQUE [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The growing awareness that the use of fossil fuels is limited in time and that the growing awareness of the world population about environmental issues have been accelerating the search for environmentally friendly solutions that can contribute to decrease the oil dependency. Considering the world panorama of the transportation sector, mainly their pollutant emissions and oil consumption, different technological challenges must be overcome in the coming years.Under the nowadays context, electric vehicles constitute a promising solution merging several sub-systems that do not have standard solutions. One challenge related with electric vehicles is the technical solution of the charging system. This paper addresses this subject by studying the adoption of a less conventional charging system (wireless electrical charging) in a commercial electric vehicle (“Fiat Seicento Elettra”). In a first approach, a “Matlab/Simulink” computational model about this system was developed. The studied model allows computing and analyzing the main impairments of the inductive charging theory, by determining the current and/or voltages, in several points of the circuit. With this method, it is also possible to study the power transfer capabilities of this type of system and its influence on low voltage power grids. The obtained values were evaluated and compared with the requirements of the charging system of the commercial car.

   Analysis, Control and Comparison of DC/DC Boost Converter Topologies for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle Applications
By Omar HEGAZY, Joeri VAN MIERLO, Philippe LATAIRE [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Interleaving techniques are widely used to reduce input/output ripples, to increase the efficiency and to increase the power capacity of the boost converters. This paper presents an analysis, design and implementation of a high-power multileg interleaved DC/DC boost converter with a digital signal processor (DSP) based controller. This research focuses on non-isolated DC/DC converter that interfaces the fuel cell to the powertrain of the hybrid electric vehicles. In this paper, two-phase interleaved boost converter (IBC) with digital phase-shift control scheme is proposed in order to reduce the input current ripples, to reduce the output voltage ripples and to reduce the size of passive components with high efficiency for high power applications. The digital control based on DSP is proposed to solve the associated synchronization problem with interleaving converters. In addition, the real time workshop (RTW) is used for automatic real-time code generation. The proposed converter is compared with other topologies, such as conventional boost converter (BC) and multi-device boost converter (MDBC) in order to examine its performance. Moreover, a generalized small-signal model with complete parameters of these DC/DC converters is derived. The PWM DC/DC converter topologies and their control are simulated and investigated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Experimentally, a dual-loop average current control implemented in TMS320F2808 DSP is employed to achieve the fast transient response. Furthermore, the simulation and experimental results are provided.

   Chances and limits of a thermal control for a three-phase voltage-source inverter in traction applications using permanent magnet synchronous or induction machi
By Marco WECKERT, Jörg ROTH-STIELOW [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The lifetime of power semiconductor devices strongly depends on their mission profile. The main influence limiting the lifetime are thermal cycles causing thermo-mechanical stress. Using the example of a three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) feeding an induction (IM) or a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), this paper will present a thermal control strategy to increase the lifetime of the power semiconductors within the VSI. Especially within traction applications, the occurring operation points are very unsteady and rarely predictable. Therefore a thermal control is designed to dynamically react on changing operation points. The performance of the proposed thermal control using both machine types is proved at a real setup for load cycles similar to traction applications. By measuring the junction temperatures of the power semiconductors, a lifetime estimation is done to compare the different control strategies.

   Design of a Power Management for a Battery Buffer System in an Electric Lift Truck by Means of Fuzzy Control and Genetic Algorithm
By Jens C. SCHROEDER, Friedrich W. FUCHS [View]
[Download]

Abstract: To obtain highest efficiency and to extend the lifetime of the battery in electric vehicles, a battery buffer system can be implemented. It consists of double layer capacitors and a dc-dc converter. In case of regenerative braking operation the capacitors have to be able to accept energy, in case of acceleration they have to deliver energy. To ensure availability of the system anytime, the ultracapacitors state of charge has to be kept in a predefined range. Therefore a powermanagement has to be set up. The goal of the powermanagement is the intelligent power distribution between battery and super capacitors to reduce as well the maximum as the average battery power. In this paper, the design of a powermanagement is presented. Here, the design is exemplarily presented for an electric lift truck, but it can also be adapted for road vehicles. First, a common fuzzy controller to be applied in the powermanagement is derived. Accordingly, the fuzzy parameters are tuned by means of a genetic algorithm. This paper shows that a powermanagement by means of a fuzzy controller can be used to define a reasonable energy flow in a dual source electric vehicle autonomously. Furthermore it is shown that the success of the system can be strictly dependent on the genetic algorithm optimization method. Methods by means of predefined-base- and a stand-alone-genetic optimization are analyzed as well as the success for membership function tuning, fuzzy rule tuning and for a combined tuning in each case. The powermanagement is finally tested in a lift truck propulsion system test bench.

   Development of an Optimized Power Section for a 5 kW Low Voltage Traction Inverter
By Ole MUEHLFELD, Bjoern WITTIG, Friedrich W. FUCHS [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The development of a power section for a 5 kW automotive dc to ac inverter operating at 24 V is presented. General design considerations and optimization approaches to ensure high electrical performance including high efficiency and compact size at the same time are evaluated by means of simulations.Prototypes of the concept inverter were fabricated and tested in the laboratory. Measurement results from the prototypes are presented and compared with initial design targets.

   Efficiency Optimization of a 30KW Interleaved 4-channels DC/DC Converter with variable number of active channels
By Monzer AL SAKKA, Joeri VAN MIERLO, Hamid GUALOUS [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper deals with a 30KW Interleaved DC/DC Converter for hybrid electric vehicle power supplysystem which is composed of a fuel cell/battery as primary source and a supercapacitors module as anintermediate energy storage system. A dedicated DC-DC converter is studied, where the design andcontrol are the result of considerations on energy efficiency. The analysis of the efficiency shows thatthe efficiency can be improved by using an adapted number of active channels in function of the load.An automatic adaptation control of the number of active channels is presented. Simulation andexperimental results are presented. The results show that the efficiency of the converter is up to97.5\%.

   EMC and Safety in Vehicle Drives
By Augusto DI NAPOLI, Ndokaj ARTAN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper provides theoretical and experimental discussions on conducted electromagneticinterference (EMI) emissions in the automotive applications. These issues are even more relevant (andthe relative regulations more severe) as today’s vehicles are equipped with a large number of sensitiveelectronic communication and control systems together with several switching power converters. Asexample it is shown the conducted emission of an electric vehicle in absence and in presence of filter.When no EMI filter is connected, the electric vehicle cannot meet the conducted emission limitsprescribed by IEC 61851-21 regulations. With the EMI filter applied, it will be shown the attenuation ofconducted emission voltage. CEI EN 61800-3 legistation was used for the radiated emission limits. Themeasurements are carried out in a semi anechoic chamber with ferrite tiles.

   Energy Management for Range Enlargement of a Hybrid Battery Vehicle with Battery and Double Layer Capacitors
By Michael RICHTER, Sebastian ZINSER, Markus STIEGELER, Marijo MENDES, Herbert KABZA [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The energy accumulator in electric vehicles must be laid out for many different areas of application. Onthe one hand, the battery must provide enough energy to overcome longer distances with high velocity.On the other hand the battery must be laid out to temporarily supply high peak current for a short time,e.g., during the acceleration. Or the battery has to store much energy in a short-time e.g. during regenerativebraking. This paper describes how a combination of double layer capacitors (DLCs) with modernbatteries can lead to stress reduction as well as a range enlargement in electric vehicles. The advantagesof the supercaps with their high power density and of the batteries with their high energy densitiy can beideally combined. We will show that based on an intelligent energy management also in electric vehiclessupercaps are a good supplement to the batteries.

   Evaluating the Zero-Sequence Inductance Ratio for Electrical Machines
By Luis DE SOUSA, Hussein DOGAN [View]
[Download]

Abstract: A Three-Phase machine with independent phases could be an efficient solution. The maindrawback of such configuration is the control of the zero-sequence (ZS) currents. The ZS inductance isnot a usual criterion for the electrical machine selection. This paper describes the zero-sequenceinductance issue and proposes a method to quickly evaluate the intrinsic ZS inductance.

   Route-Dependent Power-Adapted Operation Strategies in Range Extender Hybrid Vehicles
By Michael RICHTER, Stefan WALTER, Markus STIEGELER, Marijo MENDES, Herbert KABZA [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Restricted battery capacities and long charging times for battery electric vehicles (BEV), range extendervehicles are a good alternative to reach a bigger range. This paper describes how an operation strategywhich is adapted to the power requirements of the driving cycle is used to increase the range of rangeextender hybrid vehicles. Adaptation of the range extender unit’s power output to the momentary performancerequirements of the vehicle or reduction of the constant power to a route-specific optimum valueallows a significantly bigger range as well as less stress on the battery than a conventional single-pointstrategy at the efficiency optimum. Moreover, two vehicle configurations are examined. In differentdriving cycles two operation strategies are examined (constant power supply and variable power supply)and the results are shown in comparison to the single-point operation strategy.

   Stability in Automotive Power Nets: Definitions, Algorithms and Experimental Validation
By Johannes KLOETZL, Dieter GERLING [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In this paper the whole bandwidth of the term automotive power net stability in its today’s meaning isdiscussed. Definitions and algorithms for technical, optical and mechanical power net stability forautomotive use are introduced. The proposed algorithms (proceedings) make a comparison andevaluation of different arrangements concerning the power supply quality possible in an effective andfast manner. In practical examples the use and the limits of the algorithms are shown for validationissues.

EPE 2011 - DS2a: Topic 18: Electrical Systems in Road Vehicles
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2011 ECCE Europe - Conference > EPE 2011 - Topic 18: Electrical systems in Road Vehicles > EPE 2011 - DS2a: Topic 18: Electrical Systems in Road Vehicles
	[return to parent folder]

	A MATLAB Simulink Model for Toyota Prius 2004 based on DOE reports By Hiva NASIRI, Ahmad RADAN, Maziar PARIZADE, Abbas GHAYEBLOO	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In this paper, a dynamic model for Toyota Prius 2004 hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is presented. Themodel is based on MATLAB Simulink HEV model which is modified in such a way that dynamicresponse of model can be verified by experimental results given in DOE reports for Toyota Prius2004. The newly developed model can help the designers to enhance the performances of subsystems.

	A SEPIC LED Driver with a Hybrid Dimming Technique for Road Vehicles By Yuan-Ta HSIEH, Bin-Da LIU, Jian-Fu WU, Chiao-Li FANG, Hann-Huei TSAI, Ying-Zong JUANG	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) are commonly used for backlighting and lighting applications. For LEDs to be used as lighting or backlighting sources for vehicles, it is important to simplify the dimming scheme for LED drivers. Since the number of required LEDs varies with application, a single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) topology is suitable for the LED drivers to operate in a single battery system. In this paper, a SEPIC LED driver with a hybrid dimming scheme is proposed for vehicle lighting and backlighting applications. The proposed scheme reduces the wiring complexity of vehicles and the cost of LED drivers.

	Analysis and Comparison of Performance Evaluation Methods of Battery Electric Vehicles By Yong CHEN, Zhenpo WANG	[View] [Download]
Abstract: It is very important for a battery electric vehicle to improve energy utilization efficiency because of limited energy storage on board. According to different viewpoint and requirements for battery electric vehicles, four kinds of evaluation methods were established, respectively. Analysis and comparison between different evaluation methods were performed with the help of simulation and bus demonstration operation in Beijing city, which are helpful to the optimization of drivetrain configuration and to improve energy efficiency in battery electric vehicles.

	Analysis of an inductive charging system for a commercial electric vehicle By Duarte SOUSA, André NEVES, José TERRAS, António ROQUE	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The growing awareness that the use of fossil fuels is limited in time and that the growing awareness of the world population about environmental issues have been accelerating the search for environmentally friendly solutions that can contribute to decrease the oil dependency. Considering the world panorama of the transportation sector, mainly their pollutant emissions and oil consumption, different technological challenges must be overcome in the coming years.Under the nowadays context, electric vehicles constitute a promising solution merging several sub-systems that do not have standard solutions. One challenge related with electric vehicles is the technical solution of the charging system. This paper addresses this subject by studying the adoption of a less conventional charging system (wireless electrical charging) in a commercial electric vehicle (“Fiat Seicento Elettra”). In a first approach, a “Matlab/Simulink” computational model about this system was developed. The studied model allows computing and analyzing the main impairments of the inductive charging theory, by determining the current and/or voltages, in several points of the circuit. With this method, it is also possible to study the power transfer capabilities of this type of system and its influence on low voltage power grids. The obtained values were evaluated and compared with the requirements of the charging system of the commercial car.

	Analysis, Control and Comparison of DC/DC Boost Converter Topologies for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle Applications By Omar HEGAZY, Joeri VAN MIERLO, Philippe LATAIRE	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Interleaving techniques are widely used to reduce input/output ripples, to increase the efficiency and to increase the power capacity of the boost converters. This paper presents an analysis, design and implementation of a high-power multileg interleaved DC/DC boost converter with a digital signal processor (DSP) based controller. This research focuses on non-isolated DC/DC converter that interfaces the fuel cell to the powertrain of the hybrid electric vehicles. In this paper, two-phase interleaved boost converter (IBC) with digital phase-shift control scheme is proposed in order to reduce the input current ripples, to reduce the output voltage ripples and to reduce the size of passive components with high efficiency for high power applications. The digital control based on DSP is proposed to solve the associated synchronization problem with interleaving converters. In addition, the real time workshop (RTW) is used for automatic real-time code generation. The proposed converter is compared with other topologies, such as conventional boost converter (BC) and multi-device boost converter (MDBC) in order to examine its performance. Moreover, a generalized small-signal model with complete parameters of these DC/DC converters is derived. The PWM DC/DC converter topologies and their control are simulated and investigated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Experimentally, a dual-loop average current control implemented in TMS320F2808 DSP is employed to achieve the fast transient response. Furthermore, the simulation and experimental results are provided.

	Chances and limits of a thermal control for a three-phase voltage-source inverter in traction applications using permanent magnet synchronous or induction machi By Marco WECKERT, Jörg ROTH-STIELOW	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The lifetime of power semiconductor devices strongly depends on their mission profile. The main influence limiting the lifetime are thermal cycles causing thermo-mechanical stress. Using the example of a three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) feeding an induction (IM) or a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), this paper will present a thermal control strategy to increase the lifetime of the power semiconductors within the VSI. Especially within traction applications, the occurring operation points are very unsteady and rarely predictable. Therefore a thermal control is designed to dynamically react on changing operation points. The performance of the proposed thermal control using both machine types is proved at a real setup for load cycles similar to traction applications. By measuring the junction temperatures of the power semiconductors, a lifetime estimation is done to compare the different control strategies.

	Design of a Power Management for a Battery Buffer System in an Electric Lift Truck by Means of Fuzzy Control and Genetic Algorithm By Jens C. SCHROEDER, Friedrich W. FUCHS	[View] [Download]
Abstract: To obtain highest efficiency and to extend the lifetime of the battery in electric vehicles, a battery buffer system can be implemented. It consists of double layer capacitors and a dc-dc converter. In case of regenerative braking operation the capacitors have to be able to accept energy, in case of acceleration they have to deliver energy. To ensure availability of the system anytime, the ultracapacitors state of charge has to be kept in a predefined range. Therefore a powermanagement has to be set up. The goal of the powermanagement is the intelligent power distribution between battery and super capacitors to reduce as well the maximum as the average battery power. In this paper, the design of a powermanagement is presented. Here, the design is exemplarily presented for an electric lift truck, but it can also be adapted for road vehicles. First, a common fuzzy controller to be applied in the powermanagement is derived. Accordingly, the fuzzy parameters are tuned by means of a genetic algorithm. This paper shows that a powermanagement by means of a fuzzy controller can be used to define a reasonable energy flow in a dual source electric vehicle autonomously. Furthermore it is shown that the success of the system can be strictly dependent on the genetic algorithm optimization method. Methods by means of predefined-base- and a stand-alone-genetic optimization are analyzed as well as the success for membership function tuning, fuzzy rule tuning and for a combined tuning in each case. The powermanagement is finally tested in a lift truck propulsion system test bench.

	Development of an Optimized Power Section for a 5 kW Low Voltage Traction Inverter By Ole MUEHLFELD, Bjoern WITTIG, Friedrich W. FUCHS	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The development of a power section for a 5 kW automotive dc to ac inverter operating at 24 V is presented. General design considerations and optimization approaches to ensure high electrical performance including high efficiency and compact size at the same time are evaluated by means of simulations.Prototypes of the concept inverter were fabricated and tested in the laboratory. Measurement results from the prototypes are presented and compared with initial design targets.

	Efficiency Optimization of a 30KW Interleaved 4-channels DC/DC Converter with variable number of active channels By Monzer AL SAKKA, Joeri VAN MIERLO, Hamid GUALOUS	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper deals with a 30KW Interleaved DC/DC Converter for hybrid electric vehicle power supplysystem which is composed of a fuel cell/battery as primary source and a supercapacitors module as anintermediate energy storage system. A dedicated DC-DC converter is studied, where the design andcontrol are the result of considerations on energy efficiency. The analysis of the efficiency shows thatthe efficiency can be improved by using an adapted number of active channels in function of the load.An automatic adaptation control of the number of active channels is presented. Simulation andexperimental results are presented. The results show that the efficiency of the converter is up to97.5\%.

	EMC and Safety in Vehicle Drives By Augusto DI NAPOLI, Ndokaj ARTAN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper provides theoretical and experimental discussions on conducted electromagneticinterference (EMI) emissions in the automotive applications. These issues are even more relevant (andthe relative regulations more severe) as today’s vehicles are equipped with a large number of sensitiveelectronic communication and control systems together with several switching power converters. Asexample it is shown the conducted emission of an electric vehicle in absence and in presence of filter.When no EMI filter is connected, the electric vehicle cannot meet the conducted emission limitsprescribed by IEC 61851-21 regulations. With the EMI filter applied, it will be shown the attenuation ofconducted emission voltage. CEI EN 61800-3 legistation was used for the radiated emission limits. Themeasurements are carried out in a semi anechoic chamber with ferrite tiles.

	Energy Management for Range Enlargement of a Hybrid Battery Vehicle with Battery and Double Layer Capacitors By Michael RICHTER, Sebastian ZINSER, Markus STIEGELER, Marijo MENDES, Herbert KABZA	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The energy accumulator in electric vehicles must be laid out for many different areas of application. Onthe one hand, the battery must provide enough energy to overcome longer distances with high velocity.On the other hand the battery must be laid out to temporarily supply high peak current for a short time,e.g., during the acceleration. Or the battery has to store much energy in a short-time e.g. during regenerativebraking. This paper describes how a combination of double layer capacitors (DLCs) with modernbatteries can lead to stress reduction as well as a range enlargement in electric vehicles. The advantagesof the supercaps with their high power density and of the batteries with their high energy densitiy can beideally combined. We will show that based on an intelligent energy management also in electric vehiclessupercaps are a good supplement to the batteries.

	Evaluating the Zero-Sequence Inductance Ratio for Electrical Machines By Luis DE SOUSA, Hussein DOGAN	[View] [Download]
Abstract: A Three-Phase machine with independent phases could be an efficient solution. The maindrawback of such configuration is the control of the zero-sequence (ZS) currents. The ZS inductance isnot a usual criterion for the electrical machine selection. This paper describes the zero-sequenceinductance issue and proposes a method to quickly evaluate the intrinsic ZS inductance.

	Route-Dependent Power-Adapted Operation Strategies in Range Extender Hybrid Vehicles By Michael RICHTER, Stefan WALTER, Markus STIEGELER, Marijo MENDES, Herbert KABZA	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Restricted battery capacities and long charging times for battery electric vehicles (BEV), range extendervehicles are a good alternative to reach a bigger range. This paper describes how an operation strategywhich is adapted to the power requirements of the driving cycle is used to increase the range of rangeextender hybrid vehicles. Adaptation of the range extender unit’s power output to the momentary performancerequirements of the vehicle or reduction of the constant power to a route-specific optimum valueallows a significantly bigger range as well as less stress on the battery than a conventional single-pointstrategy at the efficiency optimum. Moreover, two vehicle configurations are examined. In differentdriving cycles two operation strategies are examined (constant power supply and variable power supply)and the results are shown in comparison to the single-point operation strategy.

	Stability in Automotive Power Nets: Definitions, Algorithms and Experimental Validation By Johannes KLOETZL, Dieter GERLING	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In this paper the whole bandwidth of the term automotive power net stability in its today’s meaning isdiscussed. Definitions and algorithms for technical, optical and mechanical power net stability forautomotive use are introduced. The proposed algorithms (proceedings) make a comparison andevaluation of different arrangements concerning the power supply quality possible in an effective andfast manner. In practical examples the use and the limits of the algorithms are shown for validationissues.