EPE Association: EPE 2007 - Subtopic 16-7

EPE 2007 - Subtopic 16-7 - DS: Automotive II
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2007 - Conference > EPE 2007 - Topic 16: 'Electrical systems in aerospace, space, surface and marine transport' > EPE 2007 - Subtopic 16-7 - DS: Automotive II

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   Configuration and verification of the super capacitor based energy storage as peak power unit in hybrid electric vehicles
By KNORR Rainer; CHENG Yonghua; LATAIRE Philippe; LIEB Michael; VERHAEVEN Eric; VAN MIERLO Joeri [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In order to configure super capacitor based energy storages in hybrid electric vehicles, the required peak power and the total amount of energy are estimated by using our strategies of energy source control and management during typical test cycles. The configuration of the super capacitor based energy storage for a dedicated vehicle has been verified with respect to the voltge variation, maximum current and power losses. The strategies of energy source control and management presented in this paper can be ensure efficiently and safely using the super capacitor based energy storage.

   Design of Propulsion System for a Fuel Cell Vehicle
By RASMUSSEN Peter Omand; SCHALTZ Erik; JUHL ANDREASEN SÃ¶ren [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper presents a design method of propulsion systems for fuel cell vehicles complying with the 42V PowerNet standard. The method is based on field measurements during several weeks. Several cases of combining energy storage devices to a common bus voltage are investigated, and the total mass, volume, cost and efficiency of the propulsion system are compared. It is concluded that the number of energy storage devices and their connecting to the common bus have a significant affect of the mass, volume, cost and efficiency of the propulsion system.

   ELECTRIC POWER-DIVIDER of HYBRID CAR PROPULSION SYSTEMS
By MINDL Pavel; CEROVSKY Zdenek [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The paper deals with the power splitting synchronous permanent magnet synchronous generator used in hybrid electric cars. The usage of the splitter device in hybrid electric drives is described. Important feature of the power splitter is its efficiency. Therefore laboratory measurements were performed. Results and their discussion are presented.

   Experimental study of supercapacitors ageing according to the temperature
By VENET Pascal; MIRAOUI Abdellatif; GUALOUS Hamid; ALCICEK Guven; GALLAY Roland [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Reliability is the key issue concerning ultracapacitor applications. In several power applications ultracapacitors are charged and discharged at high current which causes ultracapacitors heating. This paper presents ultracapacitor ageing according to the temperature. To investigate this effect, a test bench of accelerated ageing of ultracapacitor is carried out. Experimental tests are realized at constant temperature when the ultracapacitors are polarized at the maximum voltage. To quantify the ultracapacitor ageing, the equivalent series resistance (ESR) and the equivalent capacitance (Cequi) are measured using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The cause of this ageing is the degradation of the electrolyte and the activated carbon. The electrolyte decomposes during the oxydoreduction phenomena which creates by-products. This degradation leads to an increase of the Equivalent Series Resistance. These by-products deteriorate also the surface of the activated carbon which generates the reduction in the capacitance. After these tests, the ultracapacitor lifetime is obtained versus temperature for the fixed voltage. With the use of the law of Arrhenius the ultracapacitor lifetime is generalized at all the temperatures but always for an extreme voltage which is the nominal voltage of the component. Finally, other tests on various ultracapacitors are made to generalize the lifetime of the ultracapacitor according to the temperature.

   HYSTERETIC CURRENT CONTROLLED ZVS DC/DC CONVERTER FOR AUTOMOBILES
By TANASE Alecu; IOV Florin; CERNAT Mihai; SCORTARU Petre [View]
[Download]

Abstract: A novel bi-directional dc-dc converter with ZVS and interleaving for dual voltage systems in automobiles is presented. A variable frequency extended band hysteretic current control method is proposed. In comparison with classical fixed frequency current control PWM, the reverse polarity peak current needed for ZVS operation is kept constant and no in excess circulating current losses at light load conditions are encountered. Inductor current ripple decreases with load reduction. Automatic changes in operation between buck and boost modes are accomplished without transient currents. Power circuit elements design is given. The four-stage interleaving is digitally controlled.

   Method of identifying voltage difference of super capacitors and principle of voltage balancing
By VAN MIERLO Joeri; GALLAY Roland; LATAIRE Philippe; BUECHEL Mathias; KNORR Rainer; CHENG Yonghua [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In this paper, the method of identifying voltage difference of super capacitors and the principle of voltage balancing are presented. They are evaluated, according to the tolerance of the capacitance difference, the nature of self-discharging feature and the feasibility of the real implementation. The results show, much energy can be available if lower voltage difference of super capacitors is kept at high operating voltage. A lab setup of the super capacitor voltage balancing system is also realized for the validation. The information presented in this paper will be very useful for the specification and implementation of the voltage balancing circuits.

   Supercapacitors and Battery power management for Hybrid Vehicle Applications Using multi boost and full bridge Converters
By GUSTIN Frederic; CAMARA Mamadou Bailo; BERTHON Alain; GUALOUS Hamid [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper presents supercapacitors and battery association methodology for ECCE Hybrid vehicle. ECCE is an experimental Hybrid Vehicle developed at L2ES Laboratory in collaboration with the Research Center in Electrical Engineering and Electronics in Belfort (CREEBEL) and other French partners. This test bench has currently lead-acid batteries with a rated voltage of 540 V, two motors each one coupled with one alternator. The alternators are feeding a DC-bus by rectifers. The main objective of this paper is to study the management of the energy provides by two supercapacitor packs. Each supercapacitors module is made of 108 cells with a maximum voltage of 270V. This experimental test bench is carried out for studies and innovating tests for the Hybrid Vehicle applications. The multi boost and multi full bridge converter topologies are studied to define the best topology for the embarked power management. The authors propose a good power management strategy by using the multi boost and the multi full bridge converter topologies. The experimental and simulation results of the two converter topologies are presented.

   TEST BENCH FOR THE SIMULATION OF A HYBRID POWER TRAIN
By MARTINEZ Juan Manuel; SANZ Javier; CHINCHILLA Monica; GAUCHIA Lucia [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In this investigation a test bench for the simulation of hybrid power trains combining fuel cell and batteries is proposed. The developed test bench offers a high flexibility as different fuel cells, batteries and loads can be tested in the power train in an effective and affordable way. The fuel cell is simulated with a dynamic electric model and a power source, which enables the simulation of fuel cells in a wide range of power and types. Batteries can be connected to the power source which simulates the fuel cells in different configurations (series, parallel, etc.). The hybrid power train formed by the direct current power source and the batteries are able to supply the power requested by a DC electronic load. The dynamic fuel cell model was validated, an experimental setup was assembled and successful tests were carried out.

   Test Platform for Hybrid Electric Power Systems:Development of a HIL Test platform
By TIMMERMANS Jean-Marc, VAN MIERLO Joeri, LATAIRE Philippe, VAN MULDERS Frederik, MCCAFFREE Zach [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper reports about the development of a test platform for "Hybrid Electric Power Systems" (HEPS) for use in hybrid electric road vehicles. This test bench serves as a platform for both research and education and serves evaluating and optimizing the power flow in HEPS for road vehicles. For this purpose a real time simulation of the load of the electric drive train was implemented and allows applying dynamic drive cycles, hence representing a realistic load situation of the HEPS. The test platform can be used for Hardware In the Loop (HIL) simulations of HEPS and with their power converters (in particular DC/DC converters) managing the power flow between the different power sources of the HEPS and the electric drive train. In this way the power flow in the HEPS can be optimized in function of performance and efficiency. Further the test platform can be used for the development of dedicated power converters and rapid prototyping of the associated controllers.

   Universal Matrix Converter for Power Conditioning in Electrical Vehicles Fed by a Fuel Cell Combined with Ultracapacitors
By PUCCI Marcello; BOUCHERIT A.; DJERDIR Abdesslem; CIRRINCIONE Maurizio; AYAD Y. M. ; VITALE Gianpaolo [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present a new topology of a matrix power converter for conditioning the current and voltage behaviour of embarked energy sources used in electrical vehicles. The fuel cells together with supercapacitors have been chosen as the power supply. The originality of the proposed matrix converter is its topology and that it is controlled as set of classic converters, for each load to be supplied. The main advantage of such a topology is the suppression of the constant DC bus of the vehicle. This converter is controlled as a set of the following different converters: 2 inverters for supplying the PMSM by the fuel cell (FC) or supercapacitor (SC), two H-bridges for supplying the PMDCM by the FC or SC, two boost DC-DC converters by the FC or SC and finally 2 DC-DC converters for supplying the auxiliaries. Each converter needs a specific type of switch to be adopted.

EPE 2007 - Subtopic 16-7 - DS: Automotive II
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2007 - Conference > EPE 2007 - Topic 16: 'Electrical systems in aerospace, space, surface and marine transport' > EPE 2007 - Subtopic 16-7 - DS: Automotive II
	[return to parent folder]

	Configuration and verification of the super capacitor based energy storage as peak power unit in hybrid electric vehicles By KNORR Rainer; CHENG Yonghua; LATAIRE Philippe; LIEB Michael; VERHAEVEN Eric; VAN MIERLO Joeri	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In order to configure super capacitor based energy storages in hybrid electric vehicles, the required peak power and the total amount of energy are estimated by using our strategies of energy source control and management during typical test cycles. The configuration of the super capacitor based energy storage for a dedicated vehicle has been verified with respect to the voltge variation, maximum current and power losses. The strategies of energy source control and management presented in this paper can be ensure efficiently and safely using the super capacitor based energy storage.

	Design of Propulsion System for a Fuel Cell Vehicle By RASMUSSEN Peter Omand; SCHALTZ Erik; JUHL ANDREASEN SÃ¶ren	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a design method of propulsion systems for fuel cell vehicles complying with the 42V PowerNet standard. The method is based on field measurements during several weeks. Several cases of combining energy storage devices to a common bus voltage are investigated, and the total mass, volume, cost and efficiency of the propulsion system are compared. It is concluded that the number of energy storage devices and their connecting to the common bus have a significant affect of the mass, volume, cost and efficiency of the propulsion system.

	ELECTRIC POWER-DIVIDER of HYBRID CAR PROPULSION SYSTEMS By MINDL Pavel; CEROVSKY Zdenek	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The paper deals with the power splitting synchronous permanent magnet synchronous generator used in hybrid electric cars. The usage of the splitter device in hybrid electric drives is described. Important feature of the power splitter is its efficiency. Therefore laboratory measurements were performed. Results and their discussion are presented.

	Experimental study of supercapacitors ageing according to the temperature By VENET Pascal; MIRAOUI Abdellatif; GUALOUS Hamid; ALCICEK Guven; GALLAY Roland	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Reliability is the key issue concerning ultracapacitor applications. In several power applications ultracapacitors are charged and discharged at high current which causes ultracapacitors heating. This paper presents ultracapacitor ageing according to the temperature. To investigate this effect, a test bench of accelerated ageing of ultracapacitor is carried out. Experimental tests are realized at constant temperature when the ultracapacitors are polarized at the maximum voltage. To quantify the ultracapacitor ageing, the equivalent series resistance (ESR) and the equivalent capacitance (Cequi) are measured using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The cause of this ageing is the degradation of the electrolyte and the activated carbon. The electrolyte decomposes during the oxydoreduction phenomena which creates by-products. This degradation leads to an increase of the Equivalent Series Resistance. These by-products deteriorate also the surface of the activated carbon which generates the reduction in the capacitance. After these tests, the ultracapacitor lifetime is obtained versus temperature for the fixed voltage. With the use of the law of Arrhenius the ultracapacitor lifetime is generalized at all the temperatures but always for an extreme voltage which is the nominal voltage of the component. Finally, other tests on various ultracapacitors are made to generalize the lifetime of the ultracapacitor according to the temperature.

	HYSTERETIC CURRENT CONTROLLED ZVS DC/DC CONVERTER FOR AUTOMOBILES By TANASE Alecu; IOV Florin; CERNAT Mihai; SCORTARU Petre	[View] [Download]
Abstract: A novel bi-directional dc-dc converter with ZVS and interleaving for dual voltage systems in automobiles is presented. A variable frequency extended band hysteretic current control method is proposed. In comparison with classical fixed frequency current control PWM, the reverse polarity peak current needed for ZVS operation is kept constant and no in excess circulating current losses at light load conditions are encountered. Inductor current ripple decreases with load reduction. Automatic changes in operation between buck and boost modes are accomplished without transient currents. Power circuit elements design is given. The four-stage interleaving is digitally controlled.

	Method of identifying voltage difference of super capacitors and principle of voltage balancing By VAN MIERLO Joeri; GALLAY Roland; LATAIRE Philippe; BUECHEL Mathias; KNORR Rainer; CHENG Yonghua	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In this paper, the method of identifying voltage difference of super capacitors and the principle of voltage balancing are presented. They are evaluated, according to the tolerance of the capacitance difference, the nature of self-discharging feature and the feasibility of the real implementation. The results show, much energy can be available if lower voltage difference of super capacitors is kept at high operating voltage. A lab setup of the super capacitor voltage balancing system is also realized for the validation. The information presented in this paper will be very useful for the specification and implementation of the voltage balancing circuits.

	Supercapacitors and Battery power management for Hybrid Vehicle Applications Using multi boost and full bridge Converters By GUSTIN Frederic; CAMARA Mamadou Bailo; BERTHON Alain; GUALOUS Hamid	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents supercapacitors and battery association methodology for ECCE Hybrid vehicle. ECCE is an experimental Hybrid Vehicle developed at L2ES Laboratory in collaboration with the Research Center in Electrical Engineering and Electronics in Belfort (CREEBEL) and other French partners. This test bench has currently lead-acid batteries with a rated voltage of 540 V, two motors each one coupled with one alternator. The alternators are feeding a DC-bus by rectifers. The main objective of this paper is to study the management of the energy provides by two supercapacitor packs. Each supercapacitors module is made of 108 cells with a maximum voltage of 270V. This experimental test bench is carried out for studies and innovating tests for the Hybrid Vehicle applications. The multi boost and multi full bridge converter topologies are studied to define the best topology for the embarked power management. The authors propose a good power management strategy by using the multi boost and the multi full bridge converter topologies. The experimental and simulation results of the two converter topologies are presented.

	TEST BENCH FOR THE SIMULATION OF A HYBRID POWER TRAIN By MARTINEZ Juan Manuel; SANZ Javier; CHINCHILLA Monica; GAUCHIA Lucia	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In this investigation a test bench for the simulation of hybrid power trains combining fuel cell and batteries is proposed. The developed test bench offers a high flexibility as different fuel cells, batteries and loads can be tested in the power train in an effective and affordable way. The fuel cell is simulated with a dynamic electric model and a power source, which enables the simulation of fuel cells in a wide range of power and types. Batteries can be connected to the power source which simulates the fuel cells in different configurations (series, parallel, etc.). The hybrid power train formed by the direct current power source and the batteries are able to supply the power requested by a DC electronic load. The dynamic fuel cell model was validated, an experimental setup was assembled and successful tests were carried out.

	Test Platform for Hybrid Electric Power Systems:Development of a HIL Test platform By TIMMERMANS Jean-Marc, VAN MIERLO Joeri, LATAIRE Philippe, VAN MULDERS Frederik, MCCAFFREE Zach	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper reports about the development of a test platform for "Hybrid Electric Power Systems" (HEPS) for use in hybrid electric road vehicles. This test bench serves as a platform for both research and education and serves evaluating and optimizing the power flow in HEPS for road vehicles. For this purpose a real time simulation of the load of the electric drive train was implemented and allows applying dynamic drive cycles, hence representing a realistic load situation of the HEPS. The test platform can be used for Hardware In the Loop (HIL) simulations of HEPS and with their power converters (in particular DC/DC converters) managing the power flow between the different power sources of the HEPS and the electric drive train. In this way the power flow in the HEPS can be optimized in function of performance and efficiency. Further the test platform can be used for the development of dedicated power converters and rapid prototyping of the associated controllers.

	Universal Matrix Converter for Power Conditioning in Electrical Vehicles Fed by a Fuel Cell Combined with Ultracapacitors By PUCCI Marcello; BOUCHERIT A.; DJERDIR Abdesslem; CIRRINCIONE Maurizio; AYAD Y. M. ; VITALE Gianpaolo	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present a new topology of a matrix power converter for conditioning the current and voltage behaviour of embarked energy sources used in electrical vehicles. The fuel cells together with supercapacitors have been chosen as the power supply. The originality of the proposed matrix converter is its topology and that it is controlled as set of classic converters, for each load to be supplied. The main advantage of such a topology is the suppression of the constant DC bus of the vehicle. This converter is controlled as a set of the following different converters: 2 inverters for supplying the PMSM by the fuel cell (FC) or supercapacitor (SC), two H-bridges for supplying the PMDCM by the FC or SC, two boost DC-DC converters by the FC or SC and finally 2 DC-DC converters for supplying the auxiliaries. Each converter needs a specific type of switch to be adopted.