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EPE-PEMC 2006 - Topic 04: ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND ACTUATORS
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	A Method for Calculating Iron Loss of a Switched Reluctance Motor based on Reluctance Network Analysis   By Kenji Nakamura, Shinya Fujio, Osamu Ichinokura	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a method for calculating iron loss of a switched reluctance (SR) motor based on a reluctance network analysis (RNA). The RNA model of the SR motor consists of a multiple number of nonlinear reluctances and magnetic inductances which express magnetic hysteresis. The RNA model is combined with a motor drive circuit and motion calculation circuits in a general purpose circuit simulator “SPICE.” By using the electromagnetic and motion coupled analysis model, dynamic characteristics including the iron loss can be calculated quickly and accurately. The validity of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing with measured values.
	A Novel Drive Method for Switched Reluctance Motors using Three-phase Power Modules   By Hiroki Goto, Hai-Jiao Guo, Osamu Ichinokura	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: We propose a novel drive circuit for switched reluctance (SR) motors, which can be constructed using general 3-phase power modules without external inductors or devices. This drive method has several advantages including low cost, high efficiency, and compactness. It is simulated on SPICE, including the controller, and some control algorithms and the driving performances have been investigated. Then, we developed the new drive circuit for a 6/4 SR motor using a conventional 3-phase power module such as Intelligent Power Module (IPM), the results of the experiments demonstrated that our proposed method is available technology.
	A Novel Method of the Stator Voltage Error Compensation in the Sensorless Vector Control of Induction Motor   By Guilan Chen, Xuhui Wen, Li Han	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: In sensorless vector control of induction motor using voltage-fed inverter, the flux estimation error caused by stator voltage error due to the dead time and switch voltage drop and so on can deteriorate the performance of vector control .This paper proposes a method to compensate the stator voltage error by utilizing the error value between the measured current and estimated current. The dc component and fundamental component of reconstructed stator voltage errors have been compensated.
	A Phase Variable Simulation Model for Interior PM Synchronous Motor Drives with Stator Turn Faults   By Youngkook Lee, Thomas G. Habetler	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: Mathematical representations of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) with stator turn faults are derived in abc-variables. Based on the derived expressions, an IPMSM drive simulation model, which is capable of representing stator turn faults, is implemented in Matlab Simulink. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by comparing the simulation results with the findings in previous research on stator turn faults in 3-phase symmetrical electric machines.
	A Seamless Whole Speed Range Control of Interior PM Synchronous Machine without Position Transducer   By Roman Filka, Peter Balazovic, Branislav Dobrucky	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a complex solution for whole speed range sensorless control of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives. To cover an entire speed range of IPMSM without position transducer, different sensorless techniques must be employed. Design and implementation of sensorless techniques for different operating speeds are described in this paper. Presented application has been implemented including the high frequency (hf) injection method and extended back EMF state observer on a single chip solution of DSC56F8300 series without any additional supportive circuitry.
	A Simple Method to Reduce Torque Ripple of SR Motor using Freewheeling Mode   By Mirai Sato, Hiroki Goto, Hai-Jiao Guo, Osamu Ichinokura	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: Switched reluctance motors (SR motors) have many advantages such as simple and solid construction, low cost on manufacturing, high reliability in high temperature, and large torque density. But, the higher torque ripple from magnetic saliency is a serious problem to prevent from expanding its applications. In the paper, we propose a new method to reduce torque ripple using freewheeling mode. The method only needs changing timing of switching. So, it is easy to implement at the low cost systems. We will clear some interesting results from FEM simulations and experiment.
	A Study of Improving the Power Factor of a Three-Phase Induction Motor using a Static Switched Capacitor   By Adisa A. Jimoh, Dan V. Nicolae	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: In this paper a static switched capacitor with an auxiliary three-phase stator winding, which is only magnetically coupled to the stator main winding, is explored for improving the starting and operating power factor of a three-phase induction motor. The scheme improves the power factor of the motor without compromising significantly on other performances. Important advantages of the scheme include preventing harmonics in the line current, and eliminating regeneration possibility as well as preventing high inrush currents at starting.
	Advantages and Disadvantages of Reluctance Step Motors in Comparison with Other Design Versions   By Leonids Ribickis, Edmunds Kamolins, Nikolai Levin, Vladimir Pugachov	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: Optional designs of step motors are compared in the paper. The authors show, that the reluctance step motors essentially outperform other type of step motors. They have a large torque, high accuracy of functioning, reliability, etc. Step motors can be successfully used in system for orientation of low power wind installations. Further improvements in the performance of the reluctance step motors are proposed.
	Analytically Computing Winding Currents to Generate Torque and Levitation Force of a New Bearingless Switched Reluctance Motor   By Li Chen, Wilfried Hofmann	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: The paper has developed a new bearingless switched reluctance motor (SRM) with the same winding structure of a common SRM. In order to generate the suspending force and torque at the same time, more than two windings are used. One developed analytical model for the flux linked by a phase of the SRM, which includes the iron saturation and the fringing flux between teeth of the stator and rotor, is applied, in order to fulfill the calculation of currents. First it is used to obtain an analytical expression for the SRM´ co-energy. Then equations of torque and radial forces are gotten by derivation of the co-energy for turn angle and air gap. Coupling inductances of windings are analysed in the calcualtion. Finally one finite-elementmethod (FEM) calculation is used to verify the effective theoretical calculation and analysis.
	Avoiding Drawn Arcs between Sliding Contacts of Commutators   By France Pavlovcic, Janez Nastran	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: Electro mechanic contacts are widely used in several appliances, because they are cheap, but also very robust, capable to withstand overvoltage and overcurrent surges. Especially they are necessary with commutators of universal electric motors for they are enabling commutation. These motors achieve high power per a unit of volume due to their high shaft speed, and they are produced at relatively low costs for a unit of power. So, they are economically very important for their numerous production, and they use sliding contacts for their operation. The sliding contacts are mechanical contacts and so electric arcs ignite between their contact members during commutation, and usually they are drawn arcs. Therefore it is very important to determine contact materials which avoid forming the electric arcs.
	Boost Choke Integration into DC Serial Wound Motor   By Peter Zajec, Danijel Voncina	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: The paper deals with a realization of a dual power supply for serial DC motor. Usually this is achieved with a parallel operation where one power supply is connected directly while the other is coupled through the power converter. The proposed solution is based on Boost converter attached between the DC power supply and motor. The solution is unique due to integration of Boost choke winding on the stator pole thus omitting the use of additional magnetic core. The Boost choke winding has therefore two functions; i) it is part of the Boost converter and ii) it magnetizes the stator core of the motor (when the DC power supply is active). To avoid the increase of the nominal voltage of built in rectifier diodes, and secondly to minimize the interaction between both power supply, the magnetic coupling between the original stator winding and the Boost one should be weak.
	Characteristics of 8/6 SR Generator with a Suppression Resistor Converter   By Atsushi Takahashi, Hiroki Goto, Kenji Nakamura, Tadaaki Watanabe, Osamu Ichinokura	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: Switched reluctance generator (SR Generator) has various desirable features which include simple and solid structure, easiness of maintenance, small moment of rotor inertia and low cost. However, the SR generator has not been put into practical use widely because an optimum design of SR generator has not been fully considered. Furthermore, the excitation circuit of conventional SR generator utilizes an asymmetry half bridge converter (AHBC) which has complicate circuit. In this paper, we present some considerations on an 8/6 SR generator excited by a suppression resistor converter (SRC) which is consist of half number of switching devices for the AHBC. The operating characteristics of the SR generators were discussed based on FEM analysis and experiments.
	Compact Double Sided Modular Linear Motor for Narrow Industrial Applications   By Lorand Szabo, Dan-Cristian Popa, Vasile Iancu	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: Linear drive technologies are steadily expanded in various applications, especially in industry, where high precision electrical direct drive systems are required. In this paper a double-sided variant of a novel direct driven modular permanent magnet linear motor is presented. Its characteristics are computed by means of 3D FEM magnetic field analysis. An interesting industrial application in which it can be used is also presented.
	Complete Analytical Modeling of an Axial Flux PM Synchronous Machine for Wind Energy Application   By Nabil Abdel-Karim, Jaouad Azzouzi, Georges Barakat, Brayima Dakyo	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: In this paper, a complete analytical model of an axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine (AFPMSM) is investigated. This modeling is based on an exact 2D solution of the magnetic field in the machine derived from the Maxwell's equations and coupled with the winding function theory to calculate the back EMF, the self and mutual inductances. The developed analytical model is then used to simulate a 10 kW / 130 rpm, 28-poles, AFPMSM dedicated to wind energy application (WEA). According to the simulation results, it is possible to evaluate the performance of the AFPMSM with reasonable accuracy via the developed analytical model.
	Design Optimization of an Axial Flux PM Synchronous Machine: Comparison Between DIRECT Method and GAs Method   By Jaouad Azzouzi, Rachid Belfkira, Nabil Abdel-Karim, Georges Barakat, Brayima Dakyo	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a design optimization of an axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine (AFPMSM). The design optimization is performed using separately two different algorithms: a deterministic algorithm and a stochastic algorithm. The used DIRECT algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA) are described and tested separately to optimize a 10kW / 130 rpm AFPMSM. The obtained results by the two algorithms are compared in terms of precision of the found global optimum, convergence speed and simplicity of implementation. In particular, optimal design results show the effectiveness of DIRECT algorithm.
	Effect of the Position and the Number Broken Bars on Asynchronous Motor Stator Current Spectrum   By Arezki Menacer, Moreau Sandrine, Abdelhamid Benakcha, Mohamed Said Nait Said	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: The asynchronous motor has an interest in strong powers applications requiring speed variation. Even if it is robust, it is not saved by electrical or mechanical defects. Among rotor defects, we can quote a fissure or a total break of bar, a rupture of end ring circuit, an eccentricity of the rotor axis... In this paper, we use a technique based on the spectral analysis of stator current in order to detect a breakdown or a defect in the rotor. Thus, the number and the position effect of the breaks have been highlighted. The effect is highlighted by considering the machine supplied directly through a balanced three-phase network.
	Fault Tolerance for Phase Open-Circuit and Power Electronic Switch Disconnection in PMBDC Motor by Adding Extra Parts to Inverter   By Jawad Faiz, Majid Ahmadi, Azeem Khan	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a circuit model of permanent magnet brushless direct current motor in which it is possible to simulate the phase open circuit faults and access the center of star-connected three-phase winding. The remedial strategies are introduced for the open-circuit of phase and power switch disconnection. The control system with two added electronic switches to the inverter can control the faulty motor such that a positive desired torque is developed. In this method a single phase is excited during the fault over some periods. The output of the faulty motor is lower than that of the healthy motor.
	Finite Element Analysis of Switched Reluctance Motor under Dynamic Eccentricity Fault   By Jawad Faiz, Siavash Pakdelian	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper describes the results of a twodimensional finite element analysis carried out on an 8/6 switched reluctance motor for studying the effects of dynamic eccentricity on the static characteristics of the motor. Flux contours, flux-linkage profiles and mutual fluxes are obtained for both healthy and faulty motor. Besides, Static torque profiles of phases are obtained for different degrees of eccentricity and it is shown that at low current; the effect of eccentricity is considerable compared to that of the rated current case. Finally, Fourier analysis of the torque profiles is performed to make their difference visible.
	Improvement of a Servo Motor Design Including Optimization and Cost Analysis   By Damir Zarko, Drago Ban, Davor Goricki	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: A procedure for improving the design of a servo motor by means of finite-element method (FEM), optimization using Differential Evolution (DE) and cost analysis is presented. A comparative analysis has been carried out for four different motor designs taking into account the motor performance and the cost of the investment for manufacturing of the redesigned motor. The reliability of the FE model has been confirmed by comparison of calculated and measured torque for the existing motor design.
	Induction Motor Sensorless Speed Estimation by Space Vector Angular Fluctuation   By Chun Wang, Zhongfu Zhou, Peter Unsworth, Paul Holland, Petar Igic	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: A novel method of obtaining sensorless speed information of induction motors, derived from space vector angular fluctuation, is presented in this paper. It obtains data from stator current by exploring the position of the current space vector in the space vector plane. The space vector signal and variations of the phase angle of the vector are subjected to Short Time Fourier Transformation (STFT) and analyzed in the time-frequency domain. Highresolution spectrum technique is adopted to modify spectrum of FFT. The method has been tested on laboratory induction motors, as well as by computer simulation. In the case of motor starting, when motor speed can change rapidly, this allows speed estimation within a few cycles.
	Investigation of Losses and Efficiency in Switched Reluctance Motor   By Pavol Rafajdus, Valeria Hrabovcova, Peter Hudak	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper deals with estimation of losses and efficiency of Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM), which is supplied from converter and motor is working under load conditions with different torques and at different speeds. The losses in a SRM consist mainly of stator winding losses and core losses. The winding losses are proportional to the square of the r.m.s current whereas the core losses are function of the excitation frequency and flux density, but the flux density depends on stator current waveforms. The different parts of the SRM core are subjected to the different frequency of flux reversals when the electric machine is operating at constant speed and load. This paper deals with investigation of copper losses including skineffect and iron losses in individual parts of SRM by means of two analytical approaches and by means of FEM. The efficiency of SRM and converter is measured and presented. The calculations of a real 3-phase 12/8 SRM are verified by measurements.
	Modelling of an Universal Motor Supplied by a Harmonic Voltage   By Pavel Zaskalicky, Jan Dupej	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: In present article a dynamic model of universal motors, based on the design data is developed. Suppose the supply voltage is harmonic, but variable. After representing of the mathematical model a simulation model based on the Matlab-Simulink is derived; this allows for the determination of the waveforms of the speed current and torque of the machine for different state operation. Induced voltage of the rotor is determined as a function of the magnetic core saturation. The motor performances are computed, using the circuit parameters determined by measurements.
	Optimal Design of Internal Permanent Magnet Motor for Starter/Generator of Hybrid Electric Vehicle   By Jawad Faiz, Babak Keyvani-Boroujeni	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: An internal permanent magnet (IPM) motor may be used as a suitable electric vehicle drive. This paper presents the results of optimal design of such machine as starter/generator of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The required performance in HEV is a constant power over a wide speed range. In IPM machine, direct control of the PM flux is not possible but d-axis armature current can weaken the air gap flux. However, in this method, demagnetization effect caused by the reaction of the abovementioned current must be prevented. The vector control method is used in order to extend the performance range of the IPM motor. Efficiency and performance characteristics are considered as objective functions and an optimal design technique is applied to maximize the efficiency and achieve a good performance. Genetic algorithm is employed as optimization routine in order to find the optimum design variables of the objective function.
	Optimal Excitation Angles of a High Speed Switched Reluctance Generator by Efficiency Maximization   By Jawad Faiz, Reza Fazai	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper deals with the optimal excitation angles of switched reluctance generator (SRG) in order to minimize the losses or to maximize the efficiency. The proposed SRG operates at relatively high speed in the single-pulse mode operation. In this regime, the turn-on and turn-off angles are the only control parameters that may be used to optimize the performance of the SRG. Previous work on the optimal excitation angles was for maximizing efficiency based on mapping the phase current (rms) of the SRG. In the present paper, maximization of the efficiency is carried out by minimizing the losses. The SRG is simulated using the magnetization characteristics obtained by static tests of the machine and the losses in different parts are evaluated. The SRG is simulated over all feasible turn-on and conduction angles for speeds equal to 2000 rpm. The average output power, rms phase current and losses with each pair of angles are calculated in order to generate the required output power. Finally the results obtained using the two above-mentioned methods are compared.
	Optimum Control for Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (IPMSM) in Constant Torque and Flux Weakening Range   By Michael Meyer, Joachim Boecker	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (IPMSM) gain importance due to their high torque per volume ratio particularly for hybrid electrical vehicles. However, unlike to standard control theory, the torque control strategy for these motors is not apparently due to their reluctance torque, which is typical with interior magnet design. In this contribution, a control strategy is presented, which enables optimal torque control both in the lower speed range as well in the full flux weakening range. Operation during flux weakening, however, causes stress to the magnets of the motor with the risk of permanent demagnetization. The relations between the crucial design parameters are shown.
	Performance Evaluation of Single Sided Linear Induction Machine using Finite Element Analysis   By Subburam Ramkumar, Mahadevan Balaji, Narayanaswamy Sivakumar, V. Karamaj	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents performance evaluation of Single Sided Linear Induction Machine (SLIM) using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based CAD package MagNet 6.13. Flux linkage, co-energy, torque characteristics are obtained for various geometrical structures that predominantly influence the performance of LIM propelled systems. Based on the analysis of these results, analytical justifications for the performance improvement through geometric alternations in the air gap, material variation, secondary thickness, have been made.
	Pitching Stability Analysis and Control for Underwater Maglev Linear Motor Vehicle ME02   By Kinjiro Yoshida, Mohamed El-Nemr, Yuki Yamashita	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: Marine Express (ME) is amphibious superconducting magnetic levitation train that can run both underwater and on-land using the same guideway. The underwater experimental Maglev model vehicle ME02 in our laboratory is driven by the long-stator permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PM LSM). Having the two motions freedom establishes the possibility for the undesired rotational pitching motion in the plan of these two motions. As a direct result of the different forces affecting the ME02, several torques are developed around the vehicle center of gravity. In the current paper, two air-cored electromagnets (AEM) are implemented to maintain the pitching stability or in other words to damp the pitching motion. The coils current controller gains are optimally tuned using the genetic algorithm (GA). The pitching motion and its control are simulated for the ME02 while performing a trip between four stations with different loading conditions. Through the study, electromagnetic forces produced by the PM LSM and AEM are found from the analytical solution of the multilayer boundary field problem. Hydrodynamic forces are estimated from the finite surface element method. Furthermore, the mass proprieties of the vehicle are estimated from 3D finite volume element method. The results show clearly the effectiveness of controller gains optimization using GA. In addition, the estimation of vehicle’s mass properties is a valuable guide for the future ME design.
	Reluctance Network Analysis of High Power Synchronous Reluctance Motor with Saturation and Iron Losses Considerations   By Tsarafidy Raminosoa, Ignace Rasoanarivo, Francois-Michel Sargos	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper provides a reluctance network modeling for the steady state performance calculation of a 94kW massive or a 125kW flux barrier rotor synchronous reluctance machine. The massive rotor is suitable for highspeed application; the flux barriers increase the saliency ratio and lead to higher torque and power factor. The suggested model is significantly faster than finite element method and is precise as for performance criteria such as torque and power factor. This precision is guaranteed by taking into account the saturation of all ferromagnetic parts of the machine. The proposed model also permits to compute the stator iron losses and consequently the motor efficiency.
	Simplified Evaluation Method of Drive Characteristics for Computer-Aided Design of Claw-Pole Type PM Stepping Motors   By Yoshiaki Kano, Hiroshi Wakayama, Nobuyuki Matsui, Akira Mishima	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper proposes a simplified and fast evaluation method of the drive characteristics of Claw-Pole Type PM Stepping Motors whose dimensions are given. The proposed method consists of a geometric flux-tube-based non-linear magnetic analysis and a dynamic simulator based on an analytical expression of the magnetizing curves obtained from the non-linear magnetic analysis. The proposed method allows us to easily take into account nonlinearities of the core, and to calculate static and dynamic characteristics, with a dramatic reduction in the computation time compared to 3D-FEA while keeping reasonable analytical accuracy. The validity of the proposed method is verified by experiments and finite element package using test motor.
	Simultaneous Identification of the Initial Rotor Position and Electrical Parameters of a PMSM for a Haptic Interface   By Flavia Khatounian, Sandrine Moreau, Eric Monmasson, Alexandre Janot, Francois Louveau	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: A haptic system consists in an articulated mechanical structure with motors and position sensors, as well as embedded electronics allowing force feedback. It is driven by a haptic interface, which enables the user to interact with an image in a virtual reality application, through the sense of touch. This paper presents a simple identification protocol using inverse models and leastsquares techniques. It simultaneously estimates the initial motor/encoder setting angle essential to obtain the best dynamic behavior of the system and the electrical parameters of the permanent magnet synchronous machine driving the interface. This identification is necessary in the case of unknown parameters to achieve a robust control strategy of the overall system in terms of transparency and stiffness.
	Starting Control using Angles Adjustment of the Double Dimmer Supply Method for Single-Phase Induction Motor   By Almir Neri Jr. , Ana Cristina Lyra	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: The Single-Phase Induction Motor (SPIM) has a high starting current and needs a centrifugal switch to disconnect the auxiliary winding. Using soft starters or single-phase variable speed drivers can properly solve these two problems. However, these solutions are expensive. In this paper we discuss the new topology supply for SPIM using Triacs, called Double Dimmer Supply Method, which focuses on the angle control between the main and auxiliary winding voltages.
	The Generalized Geometric Approach to Comparative Study of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines and Mechatronic Modules   By Valery Chrisanov, Piotr Szymczak, Wlodzimierz Kaminski	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: In the paper the radial and axial permanent magnet synchronous machines (RPMSM, APMSM) are classified in accordance with the types of design topologies and degree of active electromagnetic materials utilization. To realize an express comparison analysis of these machines the generalized geometric method is presented. Unlike the other methods this approach is distinguished by very small time for calculation of the ratio of radial and axial machines volumes as well as the similar ratio of mechatronic modules based on these machines. Derived a simple analytical expression enables to draw 3D plot of the volume ratio of compared machines at different number of poles and various geometrical sizes. The comparative study shows, that at the increased number of poles and at certain stator and rotor configuration the APMSM confidently exceed the RPMSM in term of torque/power density.
	Three-Phase Reluctance Generator with Permanent Magnets Buried in Stator Core   By Osamu Ichinokura, Tomoya Ono, Atsushi Takahashi, Kenji Nakamura, Tadaaki Watanabe	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: In this paper, we propose a reluctance generator (RG) which has permanent magnets in the stator core. The RG has a doubly salient pole structure, and generates electric power by using magnetic saliency. First, using a finite element analysis (FEA), we compare a single-phase and three-phase RGs about power density, distribution of leakage flux, and cogging torque. We examine effects of an increasing number of poles. Next, we describe characteristics of a trial three-phase RG, which has an efficiency of more than 90 %.
	Vector Control Hybrid Fuzzy-Conventional for a Linear Induction Motor   By Mohamed Ali Nasr Khoidja, Boujemaa Ben Salah, Pascal Brochet	[View]   [Download]
Abstract: This paper describes a hybrid fuzzy-conventional control technique of a linear induction motor. This technique, based on the use of the vector control method associated to a choice of combined analogical and fuzzy controllers, is proposed to ameliorate the dynamics of the secondary flux and the thrust force. The results of the numeric simulation are also presented and discussed.