EPE Association: EPE 2005 - Topic 13-6a - DS: Road vehicles, fuel cells, EMC related problems, Modelling and simulation

EPE 2005 - Topic 13-6a - DS: Road vehicles, fuel cells, EMC related problems, Modelling and simulation
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2005 - Conference > EPE 2005 - Topic 13: POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVES IN AEROSPACE, SPACE AND SURFACE TRANSPORT > EPE 2005 - Topic 13-6a - DS: Road vehicles, fuel cells, EMC related problems, Modelling and simulation

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   Converter used as a battery charger and a speed controller in an industrial truck
By LACRESSONNIERE Fabien; CASSORET Bertrand [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper presents a bi-directional power converter used on one hand as a battery charger and on the other hand as a motor speed controller. Different possibilities are presented and a comparison of these structures is carried out. In battery charger mode, the power converter has to absorb a sinusoidal current with a unit power factor. According to the power range, two possibilities are presented : the isolated CUK converter with a 1,5kW DC motor and a pulse width modulation (P.W.M.) inverter/rectifier to supply a 6kW induction machine.

   Different energetic descriptions for electromechanical systems
By HAUTIER J. P.; BOUSCAYROL Alain; GEITNER ; DAUPHI; PENNAMEN A.; GUILLAUD X.; SCHOENFELD R. [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In this paper the traction system of an automatic subway is described using several graphical tools: transfer functions, bond-graph, causal ordering graph, power flow diagram and energetic macroscopic representation. The aim of the paper is to highlight the interest of each tool for the analysis and the control of such a system.

   Driving Stability for Electric Vehicle with Independently Driven Two Wheels in case of Inverter Failure
By MIYAZAKI Hidenori; OHMAE Tsutomu [View]
[Download]

Abstract: An electric vehicle with independently driven two wheels has many attractive performances in the vehicle motion. However, when the one driving force is lost the vehicle shows unstable behavior. In this paper, the characteristics of the vehicle motion in case of an inverter failure are clarified and three control methods are proposed for the improvement of the instability.

   Electronic Power Management for Bicycles
By VALERIUS Christoph [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper discusses the power management of an electronic light- and tachometer system for bicycles. The system uses a conventional hub dynamo as energy source. An accumulator battery is charged via a microprocessor controlled AC-DC converter. We develop a circuit model of the hub dynamo. In order to maximize the output power load matching is performed. A simulation analysis as well as measuring results show that the presented solution is more efficient than classical power supply arrangements and offers the basis for new features. We develop a suitable AC-DC converter topology and show its practical performance.

   EMC of an induction motor: Measurements compared to calculations
By STAVROPOULOS Esther ; VOLK Bernhard; GERMISHUIZEN Johannes [View]
[Download]

Abstract: When studying EMC, which is an important aspect in machine designs, the field in the area outside of the machine is of interest. The field outside of the machine should not influence any magnetic devices. This paper presents measured and calculated results. It is concluded that under certain assumptions 2D FEM analysis is sufficient when designing or analyzing machines to meet the EMC requirements.

   EMI Analysis in high power Converters for Traction Application
By IANNUZZO Francesco; BUSATTO Giovanni; GIANNINI Giuseppe; ABBATE Carmine; FRATELLI Luigi; CASCONE Beniamino [View]
[Download]

Abstract: The driving improvement in terms of IGBT switching losses reduction is accompanied by a significant increase of EMC noise problems. In this paper, the authors focused their attention on the electromagnetic noise radiated by the high voltage high power IGBT modules during the inductive turn-on. The noise variation and the dependence of each IGBT commutation phase is investigated by means of an experimental set-up that reproduces a real inverter used in railway applications. The EMC measures have been executed by means of an original experimental method that is most indicated for the high power inverter systems. The experimental and the simulation results demonstrate that the radiated electromagnetic noise is stimulated by the dv/dt voltage gradient and the amplitude of the noise is proportional to it. The main high frequency harmonic components of the emitted signal are stimulated by the voltage variations across the device during the first phase of the turn-on, whereas the signal is emitted by the freewheeling diode during the second phase of its reverse recovery when this diode is stimulated by a large voltage variation.

   Modeling and Analysis of PM Brushed DC Motor using FEMModeling
By ZAKI Amal; IBRAHIM Sanna [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In this paper we present modeling and analysis of permanent magnet brushed DC motor (PMBDCM). A finite element modeling (FEM) technique is used to predict the motor performance and calculate the important parameters such as the armature inductance and airgap flux. The armature inductance is important , because of its effect on the machine performance when the motor is supplied from a phase-controlled converter or chopper. An experimental work has been carried out for a motor type PM3-CLW of 2.4 A and 4000 rpm to verify the FEM results.

   Optimisation of Large Scale Power Electronic Structures for Comfort Electronics in Passenger Vehicles
By REUSS Han; DIESNER Stefan [View]
[Download]

Abstract: In this paper the situation concerning electric loads and the corresponding power electronics in passenger vehicles is described based on an analysis of an upper mid class vehicle. The large number of loads and semiconductor devices demand alternative structures to operate the loads. In this paper an alternative structure is presented, which can reduce the number of power semiconductors. This structure needs to be optimized. This paper describes the optimization methods used and presents some optimization results.

   Power converter's optimisation, analysis and design
By BEVILLACQUA Pascal; ALLARD Bruno; MOREL Herve; HELALI Hassan; BERGOGNE Dominique [View]
[Download]

Abstract: A Genetic algorithm with discrete cost functions is used to design and optimise a 42V-14V/8A buck converter. The use of discrete and continuous cost functions are confronted. Discrete cost functions produces better designs. Electrical time domain simulation is used for verification. Experimental measurement, electrical and thermal, validates the design.

   Power management of an embarked fuel cell - supercapacitor APU
By BONTOUR StePhane; HISSEL Daniel; KAUFFMANN Jea; HAREL Fabien; GUALOUS Hamid [View]
[Download]

Abstract: This paper presents the design, realization and power management of an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) dedicated to vehicle applications. The proposed APU is based on a parallel arrangement of a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) and a supercapacitor bank. Using such an arrangement, the PEFC provides only the mean power to a 42V DC embedded bus, whereas the supercapacitors bank is sized to respond to the electrical power requirements during transients.

   Regenerative Breaking by Electric Hybrid Vehicles using Supercapacitor an Power Splitting Generator
By MINDL Pavel; CEROVSKY Zdenek [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Experimental electric hybrid car drive of the small power was implemented in the laboratory of Josef Božek Research Center of Engine and Automotive Technology at the Technical University in Prague. The output is 7.5kW, 0-6000 1/min. The super capacitor has 100F, 56V and 400A. It is able to accept the kinetic energy during braking the vehicle of the mass 1500kg from the velocity 60km/hour and regenerate it during next speeding up. The laboratory measurement during regeneration are published in the paper. It can be seen from performed measurements that the efficiency depends from the braking power in the first line. The efficiency of regenerative energy storage lies between 50 to 75\%.

   Reliability analysis of a fuel cell electric city car
By SAVIO Stefano; MARCHESONI Mario [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Automotive industry is seeking for a viable alternative to internal combustion engines, because of the increasing environmental concern, which suggests to intensify the search for cleaner and more efficient vehicles. Fuel cell electric vehicles are very promising on this respect, but the increased demands of consumers worldwide will be satisfied only when the new vehicles will be also less expensive to manufacture and operate. Reliability, availability and maintenance costs will play a very significant role in establishing the commercial success of the future vehicles. However, the not excellent reliability features of the fuel cells and of the energy storage devices, which are almost always used to achieve load levelling or to optimize the power flows, may represent a very critical issue. A detailed analysis of a fuel cell electric city car is shown in this paper, in order to give the reader a preliminary overview about its overall reliability and economic feasibility.

   The Influence of Power Electronic Dynamics on PEM Fuel Cell-System
By SPAeTH Helmut; SCHINDELE Lothar; BRAUN Michael [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Fuel cells are very promising for use in stationary and mobile electricity generation, for example traction and portable power. The paper describes the influence of switching power electronics on the efficiency and lifetime of fuel cells. The main topic is the dynamic operation of a fuel cell and the influence of the gas supply. Measurements were done to prove the linear behaviour of the fuel cell in a certain frequency range with high AC current components. A simple way is described to calculate the additional losses caused by a 100Hz modulated power demand or the current rippel of a power electronic device. Further the dynamics of the fuel cell with different gas supplies are demonstrated in general and the influence of dynamic operation with sufficient and not-sufficient gas supply on the lifetime are presented. The paper provides fundamental knowledge for the design of power electronics in order to optimise the efficiency of fuel cells with minimum costs.

   Vehicle Drivetrains Customisation: Application to a Postal Service Fleet
By ESTEVES Jorge; FERRAO Paulo; FAIAS SeRgio [View]
[Download]

Abstract: Current automotive manufacturers’ strategy is to design more modular vehicles in order to increase the vehicle customization. This customization has been focused in the interior layout and chassis configuration, but the extension of this perspective to drivetrain configuration can provide great benefits, especially at professional domains, where routine activities are kept along vehicle life cycle. This paper intends to illustrate the energy and environmental benefits of drivetrain customization for a collection and distribution drive cycle of a Postal services company.

EPE 2005 - Topic 13-6a - DS: Road vehicles, fuel cells, EMC related problems, Modelling and simulation
You are here: EPE Documents > 01 - EPE & EPE ECCE Conference Proceedings > EPE 2005 - Conference > EPE 2005 - Topic 13: POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVES IN AEROSPACE, SPACE AND SURFACE TRANSPORT > EPE 2005 - Topic 13-6a - DS: Road vehicles, fuel cells, EMC related problems, Modelling and simulation
	[return to parent folder]

	Converter used as a battery charger and a speed controller in an industrial truck By LACRESSONNIERE Fabien; CASSORET Bertrand	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents a bi-directional power converter used on one hand as a battery charger and on the other hand as a motor speed controller. Different possibilities are presented and a comparison of these structures is carried out. In battery charger mode, the power converter has to absorb a sinusoidal current with a unit power factor. According to the power range, two possibilities are presented : the isolated CUK converter with a 1,5kW DC motor and a pulse width modulation (P.W.M.) inverter/rectifier to supply a 6kW induction machine.

	Different energetic descriptions for electromechanical systems By HAUTIER J. P.; BOUSCAYROL Alain; GEITNER ; DAUPHI; PENNAMEN A.; GUILLAUD X.; SCHOENFELD R.	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In this paper the traction system of an automatic subway is described using several graphical tools: transfer functions, bond-graph, causal ordering graph, power flow diagram and energetic macroscopic representation. The aim of the paper is to highlight the interest of each tool for the analysis and the control of such a system.

	Driving Stability for Electric Vehicle with Independently Driven Two Wheels in case of Inverter Failure By MIYAZAKI Hidenori; OHMAE Tsutomu	[View] [Download]
Abstract: An electric vehicle with independently driven two wheels has many attractive performances in the vehicle motion. However, when the one driving force is lost the vehicle shows unstable behavior. In this paper, the characteristics of the vehicle motion in case of an inverter failure are clarified and three control methods are proposed for the improvement of the instability.

	Electronic Power Management for Bicycles By VALERIUS Christoph	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper discusses the power management of an electronic light- and tachometer system for bicycles. The system uses a conventional hub dynamo as energy source. An accumulator battery is charged via a microprocessor controlled AC-DC converter. We develop a circuit model of the hub dynamo. In order to maximize the output power load matching is performed. A simulation analysis as well as measuring results show that the presented solution is more efficient than classical power supply arrangements and offers the basis for new features. We develop a suitable AC-DC converter topology and show its practical performance.

	EMC of an induction motor: Measurements compared to calculations By STAVROPOULOS Esther ; VOLK Bernhard; GERMISHUIZEN Johannes	[View] [Download]
Abstract: When studying EMC, which is an important aspect in machine designs, the field in the area outside of the machine is of interest. The field outside of the machine should not influence any magnetic devices. This paper presents measured and calculated results. It is concluded that under certain assumptions 2D FEM analysis is sufficient when designing or analyzing machines to meet the EMC requirements.

	EMI Analysis in high power Converters for Traction Application By IANNUZZO Francesco; BUSATTO Giovanni; GIANNINI Giuseppe; ABBATE Carmine; FRATELLI Luigi; CASCONE Beniamino	[View] [Download]
Abstract: The driving improvement in terms of IGBT switching losses reduction is accompanied by a significant increase of EMC noise problems. In this paper, the authors focused their attention on the electromagnetic noise radiated by the high voltage high power IGBT modules during the inductive turn-on. The noise variation and the dependence of each IGBT commutation phase is investigated by means of an experimental set-up that reproduces a real inverter used in railway applications. The EMC measures have been executed by means of an original experimental method that is most indicated for the high power inverter systems. The experimental and the simulation results demonstrate that the radiated electromagnetic noise is stimulated by the dv/dt voltage gradient and the amplitude of the noise is proportional to it. The main high frequency harmonic components of the emitted signal are stimulated by the voltage variations across the device during the first phase of the turn-on, whereas the signal is emitted by the freewheeling diode during the second phase of its reverse recovery when this diode is stimulated by a large voltage variation.

	Modeling and Analysis of PM Brushed DC Motor using FEMModeling By ZAKI Amal; IBRAHIM Sanna	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In this paper we present modeling and analysis of permanent magnet brushed DC motor (PMBDCM). A finite element modeling (FEM) technique is used to predict the motor performance and calculate the important parameters such as the armature inductance and airgap flux. The armature inductance is important , because of its effect on the machine performance when the motor is supplied from a phase-controlled converter or chopper. An experimental work has been carried out for a motor type PM3-CLW of 2.4 A and 4000 rpm to verify the FEM results.

	Optimisation of Large Scale Power Electronic Structures for Comfort Electronics in Passenger Vehicles By REUSS Han; DIESNER Stefan	[View] [Download]
Abstract: In this paper the situation concerning electric loads and the corresponding power electronics in passenger vehicles is described based on an analysis of an upper mid class vehicle. The large number of loads and semiconductor devices demand alternative structures to operate the loads. In this paper an alternative structure is presented, which can reduce the number of power semiconductors. This structure needs to be optimized. This paper describes the optimization methods used and presents some optimization results.

	Power converter's optimisation, analysis and design By BEVILLACQUA Pascal; ALLARD Bruno; MOREL Herve; HELALI Hassan; BERGOGNE Dominique	[View] [Download]
Abstract: A Genetic algorithm with discrete cost functions is used to design and optimise a 42V-14V/8A buck converter. The use of discrete and continuous cost functions are confronted. Discrete cost functions produces better designs. Electrical time domain simulation is used for verification. Experimental measurement, electrical and thermal, validates the design.

	Power management of an embarked fuel cell - supercapacitor APU By BONTOUR StePhane; HISSEL Daniel; KAUFFMANN Jea; HAREL Fabien; GUALOUS Hamid	[View] [Download]
Abstract: This paper presents the design, realization and power management of an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) dedicated to vehicle applications. The proposed APU is based on a parallel arrangement of a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) and a supercapacitor bank. Using such an arrangement, the PEFC provides only the mean power to a 42V DC embedded bus, whereas the supercapacitors bank is sized to respond to the electrical power requirements during transients.

	Regenerative Breaking by Electric Hybrid Vehicles using Supercapacitor an Power Splitting Generator By MINDL Pavel; CEROVSKY Zdenek	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Experimental electric hybrid car drive of the small power was implemented in the laboratory of Josef Božek Research Center of Engine and Automotive Technology at the Technical University in Prague. The output is 7.5kW, 0-6000 1/min. The super capacitor has 100F, 56V and 400A. It is able to accept the kinetic energy during braking the vehicle of the mass 1500kg from the velocity 60km/hour and regenerate it during next speeding up. The laboratory measurement during regeneration are published in the paper. It can be seen from performed measurements that the efficiency depends from the braking power in the first line. The efficiency of regenerative energy storage lies between 50 to 75\%.

	Reliability analysis of a fuel cell electric city car By SAVIO Stefano; MARCHESONI Mario	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Automotive industry is seeking for a viable alternative to internal combustion engines, because of the increasing environmental concern, which suggests to intensify the search for cleaner and more efficient vehicles. Fuel cell electric vehicles are very promising on this respect, but the increased demands of consumers worldwide will be satisfied only when the new vehicles will be also less expensive to manufacture and operate. Reliability, availability and maintenance costs will play a very significant role in establishing the commercial success of the future vehicles. However, the not excellent reliability features of the fuel cells and of the energy storage devices, which are almost always used to achieve load levelling or to optimize the power flows, may represent a very critical issue. A detailed analysis of a fuel cell electric city car is shown in this paper, in order to give the reader a preliminary overview about its overall reliability and economic feasibility.

	The Influence of Power Electronic Dynamics on PEM Fuel Cell-System By SPAeTH Helmut; SCHINDELE Lothar; BRAUN Michael	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Fuel cells are very promising for use in stationary and mobile electricity generation, for example traction and portable power. The paper describes the influence of switching power electronics on the efficiency and lifetime of fuel cells. The main topic is the dynamic operation of a fuel cell and the influence of the gas supply. Measurements were done to prove the linear behaviour of the fuel cell in a certain frequency range with high AC current components. A simple way is described to calculate the additional losses caused by a 100Hz modulated power demand or the current rippel of a power electronic device. Further the dynamics of the fuel cell with different gas supplies are demonstrated in general and the influence of dynamic operation with sufficient and not-sufficient gas supply on the lifetime are presented. The paper provides fundamental knowledge for the design of power electronics in order to optimise the efficiency of fuel cells with minimum costs.

	Vehicle Drivetrains Customisation: Application to a Postal Service Fleet By ESTEVES Jorge; FERRAO Paulo; FAIAS SeRgio	[View] [Download]
Abstract: Current automotive manufacturers’ strategy is to design more modular vehicles in order to increase the vehicle customization. This customization has been focused in the interior layout and chassis configuration, but the extension of this perspective to drivetrain configuration can provide great benefits, especially at professional domains, where routine activities are kept along vehicle life cycle. This paper intends to illustrate the energy and environmental benefits of drivetrain customization for a collection and distribution drive cycle of a Postal services company.